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Characteristics or Returns: Understanding Gender Pay Inequality among College Graduates in the USA

Author

Listed:
  • Joanna Dressel

    (The Graduate Center, City University of New York, USA)

  • Paul Attewell

    (The Graduate Center, City University of New York, USA)

  • Liza Reisel

    (Institute for Social Research, Norway)

  • Kjersti Misje Østbakken

    (Institute for Social Research, Norway)

Abstract

Explanations for the persistent pay disparity between similarly qualified men and women vary between women’s different and devalued work characteristics and specific processes that result in unequal wage returns to the same characteristics. This article investigates how the gender wage gap is affected by gender differences in detailed work activities among full-time, year-round, college-graduate workers in the US using decomposition analysis in the National Survey of College Graduates. Differences in men’s and women’s characteristics account for a majority of the gender wage gap. Additionally, men and women receive different returns to several characteristics: occupational composition, marriage and work activities. While men are penalized more than women for having teaching as their primary work activity, women receive lower rewards for primary work activities such as finance and computer programming. The findings suggest that even with men and women becoming more similar on several characteristics, unequal returns to those characteristics will stall progress towards equality.

Suggested Citation

  • Joanna Dressel & Paul Attewell & Liza Reisel & Kjersti Misje Østbakken, 2025. "Characteristics or Returns: Understanding Gender Pay Inequality among College Graduates in the USA," Work, Employment & Society, British Sociological Association, vol. 39(1), pages 185-201, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:sae:woemps:v:39:y:2025:i:1:p:185-201
    DOI: 10.1177/09500170241245329
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

    1. Susanna Bairoh & Satu Pyöriä & Niklas Mäkinen, 2026. "Disaggregating Gender Income Disparities in STEM: Cohort and Family Factors in a Nordic Welfare State," Work, Employment & Society, British Sociological Association, vol. 40(1), pages 113-134, February.

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