Family communication patterns and depression in Indian women: Examining the effects of self-silencing

Background: Depression is a major global health concern, affecting millions of people worldwide. It is especially widespread in regions such as Asia and Africa, where the number of affected individuals is significantly high. Women are particularly at risk, with studies showing they are almost twice as likely as men to suffer from depression. One helpful explanation comes from Silencing the Self (STS) theory, which suggests that many women tend to suppress their true feelings in relationships to maintain peace. This pattern of emotional suppression can lead to increased psychological distress and contribute to the development of depression. Aims: This study looks at how family communication patterns (FCPs), specifically conversation and conformity orientations, affect STS and depression among Indian women. Method: An online survey was conducted with 304 women aged 25 to 35, who were in relationships. They completed questionnaires assessing FCPs, STS, and depression. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to test the relationships between these constructs. Results: The results showed that conformity orientation (a family communication pattern focused on following rules and authority) strongly predicted self-silencing behaviors, which in turn increased depression risk. Conformity orientation indirectly affected depression through STS, while conversation orientation had a more direct effect on depression. Conclusions: The study highlights STS as a key link between family and societal influences on women’s mental health. Despite limitations like the use of self-report measures and a cross-sectional design, the study emphasizes the need for addressing both sociocultural and cognitive factors in interventions for depression in women.