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A systematic review and meta-analysis on gender differences in the treatment of anxiety and depression

Author

Listed:
  • María Bernal Arenas
  • Andrés Arroyo-Sánchez
  • Úrsula Torres Parejo
  • José Eduardo Muñoz-Negro

Abstract

Background: Gender disparity in mental health treatment has been a longstanding concern in healthcare. Women, who are disproportionately diagnosed with anxiety and depression, often receive more psychotropic medication than men. Aims: This study investigates gender disparity in the treatment of anxiety and depression, aiming to uncover the intersection of medical and social factors and their influence on psychiatric care. Methods: A systematic review methodology following PRISMA guidelines was performed. Literature searches were conducted on PubMed and Web of Science, including observational studies and excluding qualitative studies, which resulted in the screening of eight studies for an in-depth analysis which included meta-analysis. The GRADE approach was considered to address risk of bias. Results: The findings of this review reveal a clear gender disparity in the treatment of anxiety and depression, with women consistently experiencing over-treatment when compared to men, even after adjusting for mental health status and diagnosis frequency, with statistically significant results for the meta-analysis (PR = 1.45, 95% CI [1.12, 1.78]), concluding that women are 54% more likely than men of receiving psychotropic treatment for anxiety and depression. The reduced number of studies included is acknowledged as a limitation of the study. Conclusions: Addressing these issues requires a comprehensive understanding of biopsychosocial factors, integrating gender-inclusive politics into medical education and clinical practices. Recognizing and mitigating these underlying causes is paramount to reduce gender-based disparities in mental health and promoting better practices to achieve equitable health outcomes.

Suggested Citation

  • María Bernal Arenas & Andrés Arroyo-Sánchez & Úrsula Torres Parejo & José Eduardo Muñoz-Negro, 2025. "A systematic review and meta-analysis on gender differences in the treatment of anxiety and depression," International Journal of Social Psychiatry, , vol. 71(5), pages 835-843, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:sae:socpsy:v:71:y:2025:i:5:p:835-843
    DOI: 10.1177/00207640251331898
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Andrea Cabezas-Rodríguez & Mireia Utzet & Amaia Bacigalupe, 2021. "Which are the intermediate determinants of gender inequalities in mental health?: A scoping review," International Journal of Social Psychiatry, , vol. 67(8), pages 1005-1025, December.
    2. Andrea Cabezas-Rodríguez & Amaia Bacigalupe & Unai Martín, 2020. "Diagnosis and Treatment of Depression in Spain: Are There Gender Inequalities?," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(24), pages 1-10, December.
    3. Currie, Janet & Kurdyak, Paul & Zhang, Jonathan, 2024. "Socioeconomic status and access to mental health care: The case of psychiatric medications for children in Ontario Canada," Journal of Health Economics, Elsevier, vol. 93(C).
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