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Longitudinal change and association between four types of social support and mental health among low-income U.S. veterans

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  • Jack Tsai
  • Hongyin Lai
  • Vahed Maroufy

Abstract

Aims: This study sought to examine how perceived social support changes over time for U.S. veterans and how social support relates to their mental health longitudinally. Methods: Data from a nationally representative sample of 783 low-income U.S. veterans in 2021-2023 were analyzed to examine changes and correlates of four different types of social support (Emotional/Informational Support, Tangible Support, Affectionate Support and Positive Social Interaction) over 1 year. Weighted logistic mixed models were conducted. Results: The majority of veterans reported no change in their level of perceived social support, but about 18%–26% reported either an increase or decrease (about evenly split about increase/decrease) in their perceived level of one of the four types of social support. High levels of the four types of social support were associated with being married and a lower likelihood of screening positive for depression. Other differential associations were found between sociodemographic characteristics and some types of social support. Conclusion: These findings confirm the value of assessing perceived social support among veterans with low socioeconomic status who may have mental health issues.

Suggested Citation

  • Jack Tsai & Hongyin Lai & Vahed Maroufy, 2025. "Longitudinal change and association between four types of social support and mental health among low-income U.S. veterans," International Journal of Social Psychiatry, , vol. 71(3), pages 612-616, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:sae:socpsy:v:71:y:2025:i:3:p:612-616
    DOI: 10.1177/00207640241299321
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