Leveraging AI to Enhance Healthcare Delivery in Tanzania: Innovations and Ethical Imperatives

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into healthcare holds transformative potential for developing countries, yet its application remains underexplored in many such contexts. This study addresses the research gap by examining the current state, challenges, and ethical considerations of AI adoption in Tanzania’s healthcare system. Combining a systematic literature review with semi-structured interviews involving 32 key stakeholders, including healthcare practitioners, policymakers, and technologists, the study provides a comprehensive, context-sensitive analysis. The findings reveal that AI is increasingly applied to diagnostics, predictive analytics, mental health support, and health education. However, widespread adoption is constrained by infrastructural deficits, organisational readiness gaps, limited workforce capacity, and low digital literacy, particularly in rural areas. Ethical concerns such as data privacy, algorithmic bias, and lack of transparency also emerged as critical barriers. Policy fragmentation and the absence of AI-specific implementation guidance further complicate integration efforts. Despite these challenges, stakeholders expressed optimism about AI’s potential to improve diagnostic accuracy, reduce provider burden, and expand access, especially through mobile-based tools. This study’s unique contribution lies in its integration of the Technology-Organisation-Environment (TOE) and Ethical AI frameworks to assess AI adoption holistically, linking global evidence to local realities. The study recommends decentralised policy development, inclusive design processes, and sustained investment in digital infrastructure and training. These actions are essential for fostering ethical, inclusive, and sustainable AI-driven healthcare transformation in Tanzania and similar low-resource settings.