It’s Relative! The Cross-Modal Effects of Music Density on Perception of Product Size

Individuals inevitably make inferences concerning size when they consider an object presented without cues to its actual size. Recent studies show that structural differences in background music can influence consumers’ perceptions of product attributes through cross-modal correspondence. We introduce a new structural element of music, the “music event rate.†To this end, we make a distinction between the absolute density (notes per time unit) and the relative density (notes per measure or music event rate) and propose an influence of the latter on consumers’ perceptions of product size. Our study employs a 2 (notes per measure: four vs. eight) × 2 (music tempo: slow vs. fast) × 2 (music mode: major vs. minor) between-subject experimental design. Dependent variables are participants’ size estimates of three different food items (pictures of burger, pizza, wine bottle) presented online. The results show that the number of notes per measure has an influence on consumers’ size perception of food items insofar as a higher event rate or number of notes per measure in a music stimulus leads consumers to infer a smaller product size, whereas a lower number of notes per measure leads consumers to perceive products as larger. This cross-modal effects of the music event rate on product size perception represent a previously unexplored influence on consumer behavior.