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Europe and its Fertility: From Low to Lowest Low

Author

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  • Francesco C. Billari

    (Institute of Quantitative Methods, Università Bocconi and IGIER (Innocenzo Gasparini Institute for Economic Research), francesco.billari@uni-bocconi.it)

Abstract

This paper documents the fundamental changes in family formation that took place in Europe during the last two decades of the twentieth century, as well as some possible explanations for these changes. First, European youth have postponed key demographic events, and the latest-late pattern of transition to adulthood emerged in the South. Second, lowest-low fertility emerged during the 1990s in the same area, spreading quickly to Central and Eastern Europe. Policies and economic trends, long-standing cultural factors and ideational change interact in shaping change and differences. Macro-level factors in turn interact with micro-level ones to shape outcomes. The new demographic regime of Europe is thus likely to persist.

Suggested Citation

  • Francesco C. Billari, 2005. "Europe and its Fertility: From Low to Lowest Low," National Institute Economic Review, National Institute of Economic and Social Research, vol. 194(1), pages 56-73, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:sae:niesru:v:194:y:2005:i:1:p:56-73
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    Cited by:

    1. Verropoulou, Georgia & Bagavos, Christos & Tsimbos, Cleon, 2007. "Migrant and non-migrant fertility in Greece: Results based on the 2001 population census," Migration Letters, Migration Letters, vol. 4(2), pages 147-158, October.
    2. Hendrik P. van Dalen & Kène Henkens, 2021. "When is fertility too low or too high? Population policy preferences of demographers around the world," Population Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 75(2), pages 289-303, May.
    3. Ni Ning & Jingfei Tang & Yizhou Huang & Xiangmin Tan & Qian Lin & Mei Sun, 2022. "Fertility Intention to Have a Third Child in China following the Three-Child Policy: A Cross-Sectional Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(22), pages 1-12, November.
    4. Seongsoo Choi, 2018. "Fewer mothers with more colleges? The impacts of expansion in higher education on first marriage and first childbirth," Demographic Research, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany, vol. 39(20), pages 593-634.
    5. Elisabetta Santarelli, 2011. "Economic resources and the first child in Italy: A focus on income and job stability," Demographic Research, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany, vol. 25(9), pages 311-336.
    6. Mariana Fernández Soto & Benoît Laplante, 2020. "The effect of union dissolution on the fertility of women in Montevideo, Uruguay," Demographic Research, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany, vol. 43(4), pages 97-128.
    7. Xiumin Hong & Jingyuan Wang & Wenting Zhu, 2022. "The Relationship between Childcare Services Participation and Parental Subjective Well-Being under China’s Three-Child Policy—Based on the Mediation Effect of Parenting Stress," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(24), pages 1-18, December.

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