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Third-party countries in cyber conflict: Public opinion and conflict spillover in cyberspace

Author

Listed:
  • Miguel Alberto Gomez

    (Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore & Center for Security Studies, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology)

  • Gregory H Winger

    (School of Public and International Affairs, University of Cincinnati)

Abstract

The transnational nature of cyberspace alters the role of third-party countries (TPCs) in international conflict. In the conventional environment, military operations are primarily confined to the boundaries of the combatants or a designated war zone. However, during cyber conflicts, operations may occur on the digital infrastructure of states not otherwise involved in the dispute. Nevertheless, within the cyber conflict literature, little is said about TPCs who, by virtue of interconnectivity, may find themselves involved in a conflict not of their own making. Consequently, we examine the political and diplomatic hazards of cyber operations involving these actors. Through survey experiments involving participants from the United Kingdom and Canada, we assess the public opinion impact of an offensive cyber operation’s revelation on a TPC population. We find that while these incidents are viewed negatively, prior authorization and the involvement of an ally reduces this tendency. Such conditions lead the public to perceive these operations as corresponding with their national interest while suppressing fears of the possible consequences following their indirect involvement.

Suggested Citation

  • Miguel Alberto Gomez & Gregory H Winger, 2025. "Third-party countries in cyber conflict: Public opinion and conflict spillover in cyberspace," Journal of Peace Research, Peace Research Institute Oslo, vol. 62(3), pages 535-549, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:sae:joupea:v:62:y:2025:i:3:p:535-549
    DOI: 10.1177/00223433241235852
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    References listed on IDEAS

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