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The Structural Challenges of Transnationalizing the China-led BRI: The Case of Pakistan

Author

Listed:
  • Mehdi Parvizi Amineh

    (Department of Political Science, University of Amsterdam)

  • Site Li

    (Faculty of Social Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven)

Abstract

This study uses a (geo-)political economic theory to explore and analyze how the China-led Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has been implemented in Pakistan, mainly by the Chinese state and state-led enterprises, resulting in some socio-economic progress. It examines the implications and structural challenges of the China-led BRI in Pakistan at the domestic, geopolitical, and geo-economic levels, focusing on 2013–2023 within the broader timeframe of 2000–2023. However, the sustainable success or failure of the BRI in Pakistan depends on: (a) Pakistan’s resolution of its domestic structural crises, including political, socio-economic, and ethno-religious conflicts; and (b) favorable geopolitical developments in South Asia, where the main competitive power projections are between the United States and China.

Suggested Citation

  • Mehdi Parvizi Amineh & Site Li, 2026. "The Structural Challenges of Transnationalizing the China-led BRI: The Case of Pakistan," Journal of Developing Societies, , vol. 42(3), pages 415-463, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:sae:jodeso:v:42:y:2026:i:3:p:415-463
    DOI: 10.1177/0169796X251369694
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