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Modelling Complexity: Analysing Between-Individual and Between-Place Variation—A Multilevel Tutorial

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  • N Bullen
  • K Jones
  • C Duncan

Abstract

Geography is centrally concerned with difference and heterogeneity, yet much quantitative modelling has been concerned with finding average or general relationships thereby relegating variability to a single catchall ‘error’ term. Multilevel modelling, in contrast, anticipates complex between-individual and between-place heterogeneity. Previous accounts of the approach have stressed the modelling of higher level, between-place differences, but here the emphasis is placed on the simultaneous consideration of complex variation at all levels. A parade of models is presented each of which considers a particular facet of the model specification. Attention is drawn to the important contrasts between the modelling of categorical and continuous predictors. Illustrative results are provided for variations in British house prices, modelled with the ML n software. An appendix provides an example of the use of this software.

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  • N Bullen & K Jones & C Duncan, 1997. "Modelling Complexity: Analysing Between-Individual and Between-Place Variation—A Multilevel Tutorial," Environment and Planning A, , vol. 29(4), pages 585-609, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:sae:envira:v:29:y:1997:i:4:p:585-609
    DOI: 10.1068/a290585
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    Cited by:

    1. Zolnik, Edmund J., 2018. "Effects of additional capacity on vehicle kilometers of travel in the U.S.: Evidence from National Household Travel Surveys," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 66(C), pages 1-9.
    2. Andrew Bell & Malcolm Fairbrother & Kelvyn Jones, 2019. "Fixed and random effects models: making an informed choice," Quality & Quantity: International Journal of Methodology, Springer, vol. 53(2), pages 1051-1074, March.
    3. Zolnik, Edmund J., 2012. "The costs of sprawl for private-vehicle commuters," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 20(1), pages 23-30.
    4. Félix Modrego & Dusan Paredes & Gianni Romaní, 2017. "Individual and place-based drivers of self-employment in Chile," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 49(2), pages 469-492, August.
    5. Zolnik, Edmund J., 2015. "The effect of gasoline prices on ridesharing," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 47(C), pages 47-58.

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