The environmental repercussions of financial development and green energy in BRICS economies: From the perspective of new composite indices

This study is significant because it fills the gap in future literature by looking at the panel of 5 Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS) economies regarding the important role of financial development (FD) in environmental deterioration under the holistic measures of FD and environmental quality, something that has been largely overlooked in preceding studies. Consequently, this study explores the environmental effects of FD, employing a composite environmental quality proxy (CEQP) and a composite FD proxy (CFDP). In pursuit of this objective, the continuously updated fully modified (Cup-FM) and continuously updated bias corrected (Cup-BC) procedures are applied. These procedures enabled us to comprehensively explore the dynamic interactions between the combined index for FD and CEQP controlling agricultural activities, economic growth, renewable energy consumption, and nonrenewable energy consumption (NREC) in the panel of 5-BRICS economies from 2005 to 2019. The empirical results show that CFDP appeases environmental deterioration and thus improves environmental quality. The agricultural activities intensify environmental deterioration. The analysis also reveals a U-shaped relationship between the CEQP and economic growth (inverted U-type environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis) for the BRICS nations. Additionally, renewable energy improves environmental quality, whereas NREC decreases it. As supported by the results of the study, BRICS policymakers should encourage the financial sector to support green energy initiatives and achieve environmental stability.