Vietnam’s Relations with China: Good Comrade, Good Partner, but Cautious Neighbour

This article explores Vietnam’s multifaceted approaches in navigating its relationship with China, namely constructivism, neoliberalism and hedging. Vietnam’s constructivist approach towards China as a good comrade is informed by shared ideological values, historical connections, political–diplomatic efforts and people-to-people diplomacy. However, Vietnam’s neoliberal approach prioritises economic collaboration, framing China as a good partner. This approach aims to draw lessons from China’s successful model of economic governance and development while deepening bilateral and multilateral economic ties, thereby enmeshing China into mutual economic benefits and a structured framework of commitments for promoting regional peace and stability. Vietnam’s hedging perspective towards China reflects a prudent stance shaped by historical grievances and concerns over its expansionist tendencies, particularly in the South China Sea. This strategy involves diversifying partnerships with multiple powers, particularly the United States, to enhance its strategic autonomy and maritime security, further illustrating its cautious yet proactive stance in regional geopolitics.