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Kazakhstan’s Religious Policy: Securitisation and Defiance of International Criticism

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  • Ayan Oryntay
  • Zaure Malgarayeva

Abstract

This article examines Kazakhstan’s securitisation of religion and its implications for religious freedom, using securitisation theory as an analytical framework. It explores how the Kazakh government frames religious issues as existential threats to national stability, thereby justifying restrictive policies that impact religious freedom. The research argues that international criticism of these policies, often characterised by ‘name and shame’ approach, has been largely ineffective. This ineffectiveness stems from the government’s perception of such criticism as biased and its failure to account for the region’s complex geopolitical and security dynamics. By situating Kazakhstan’s policies within broader debates on security and governance in Central Asia, the study provides insights into the intersection of domestic policy, international relations and human rights in a geopolitically sensitive region.

Suggested Citation

  • Ayan Oryntay & Zaure Malgarayeva, 2026. "Kazakhstan’s Religious Policy: Securitisation and Defiance of International Criticism," Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs, , vol. 13(2), pages 231-252, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:sae:asseca:v:13:y:2026:i:2:p:231-252
    DOI: 10.1177/23477970261424614
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Cooley, Alexander, 2012. "Great Games, Local Rules: The New Great Power Contest in Central Asia," OUP Catalogue, Oxford University Press, number 9780199929825.
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    3. Roman Podoprigora & Alexandr Klyushev, 2018. "International Instruments Influencing Religious Freedom in Kazakhstan," The Review of Faith & International Affairs, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 16(2), pages 90-95, April.
    4. Martha Brill Olcott, 2017. "Freedom of Religion, Tolerance, and Security in Central Asia," The Review of Faith & International Affairs, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 15(3), pages 24-34, July.
    5. Hafner-Burton, Emilie M., 2008. "Sticks and Stones: Naming and Shaming the Human Rights Enforcement Problem," International Organization, Cambridge University Press, vol. 62(4), pages 689-716, October.
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