The Bureau of Indian Affairs Since 1945: An Assessment

Following World War II, the Bureau of Indian Affairs entered one of the most turbulent periods of its history. First arousing Indian ire during the 1950s for its support of the so-called termination policy, it passed through a relatively tranquil decade in the 1960s as many other government agen cies began supplying services to Indians, then moved into the 1970s, which have been notable for much favorable legis lation and greatly increased appropriations. At the same time the Bureau has been significantly affected by growing Indian frustration and militancy. By late 1976, it was also beginning to feel the effects of an expanding white backlash against Indians in many areas, stemming at least in part from more aggressive Indian espousal of the concept of tribal sover eignty. This backlash has produced changes in the committee structures of Congress which could have negative conse quences for Indian legislation and appropriations. Internally, the Bureau since the mid-1970s has experienced considerable tension between Indian and non-Indian employees, the for mer having been favored by federal court decisions confirm ing their entitlement to preference in hiring, promotion, and lateral transfer within the BIA and the Indian Health Service. The administration of President Carter faces unprecedented challenges in Indian affairs because of the many changes which have taken place since 1945.