Deposit policy of a commercial bank: formation factors[Депозитная Политика Коммерческого Банка: Факторы Формирования]

Relevance. The propensity of domestic credit institutions to traditional forms of investment provides for the significant role of deposits in the formation of their resources, and hence the deposit policy. Despite the development of methodological foundations in the field of organizing deposit operations of commercial banks, the current state of the capital market and the introduced innovations determine the need for special consideration of factors affecting the deposit policy. Of particular importance is considering the exogenous factors of influence, the implementation of which banks cannot influence, but are able to neutralize the negative impact and design approaches to the deposit policy implementation, allowing to maintain / win positions in the deposit market, to form optimal liquidity. Methods and methodology. The article considers the deposit policy from the standpoint of a systematic approach, generalizes and studies the endogenous and exogenous factors influencing its results. Results. The authors considered the influence of individual factors on the deposit policy implementation by banks. In this part, the article presents and systematizes the factors of external and internal influence. The authors identified three periods characterized by a special form of financial instability in the banking market (2014, 2020, 2022), through the example of which the levers of exogenous impact on the subjects of the banking system are presented from the standpoint of the deposit policy formation. Also, the authors conducted a retrospective study in terms of selected indicators, reflecting the external impact (inflation rate and the key interest rate of the Bank of Russia, the ruble exchange rate, the dynamics of household income and the amount of funds raised in banks, the maximum amount of compensation under the deposit insurance system, the share of 30 top banks in the deposit market). Conclusions. Based on the research, the special importance of external factors affecting the bank deposit policy is highlighted, among which the political factor and administrative impact are revealed as the most underestimated. The authors emphasize that the deposit policy makes it possible to accumulate most of the bank resources and directly affects the profitability of its activities.