Food Security of Semi-Organic Shallot Farmers in Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Food security is a crucial global issue, especially for farming households that act as both food producers and consumers. The study aims to analyze the level of food security among semi-organic shallot farming households in Yogyakarta and identify the socioeconomic and agronomic factors that influence it. The respondents of this study consisted of 150 semi-organic farming households selected through purposive sampling in Bantul and Kulon Progo Regency of Yogyakarta. Primary data were collected through structured interviews and questionnaires, while secondary data were obtained from the agricultural office and the central statistics agency. Food security was measured using energy and protein adequacy based on the Indonesian Ministry of Health’s Nutritional Adequacy Rate and the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS). The results show that the average energy consumption of households is 1,640.5 kcal/capita/day (80.2% of the recommended dietary allowance), while protein consumption is 50.8 g/capita/day (80.4% of the recommended dietary allowance). Based on the HFIAS, 51.3% of households were in the food-secure category, 32.0% were mildly vulnerable, 16.0% were moderately vulnerable, and 0.7% were highly vulnerable. This study shows that semi-organic farming systems have the potential to support food security. However, their effectiveness is greatly influenced by socioeconomic and institutional factors. These findings provide an empirical basis for formulating policies that encourage sustainable agricultural transition while strengthening the food security of farming households.