Author
Listed:
- Mika Kortelainen
(International Monetary Fund, Washington)
- Maritta Paloviita
(Bank of Finland, Helsinki)
- Matti Virén
(Bank of Finland, Helsinki)
Abstract
Modern economic theory underlines the importance of expectations. However, it is less obvious how expectations are formed and how they should be measured. This paper analyses the role of inflation and output growth expectations in the US, the euro area and Japan. On the one hand, the question is how expectations affect both actual inflation and output; and on the other hand, how expectations reflect developments in these variables. The analysis makes use of atheoretical VAR models of actual inflation and output as well as inflation and output growth expectations, which allows for scrutinizing the dynamic interrelationships between these variables. The empirical results suggest that inflation expectations are the key ingredient of the inflationary process and that they have a significant negative effect on output. Inflation expectations are found to be relatively persistent – almost as persistent as output – albeit they do adjust to developments in both output and (actual) inflation, especially in the medium term. - La teoria economica moderna sottolinea l’importanza delle aspettative. Tuttavia risulta meno ovvio il modo in cui le aspettative si formano e come esse debbano essere stimate. In questo studio si analizza il ruolo delle aspettative di inflazione e di crescita del prodotto negli Stati Uniti, nell’area euro e in Giappone. Da una parte ci si pone l’interrogativo di come le aspettative influenzino l’inflazione ed il prodotto effettivi; dall’altra di come esse riflettano gli sviluppi di queste variabili. L’analisi fa uso sia di modelli VAR ateorici di inflazione e crescita effettivi e di aspettative di inflazione e crescita, al fine di esaminare le interazioni tra queste variabili. I risultati empirici suggeriscono che le aspettative di inflazione sono l’elemento chiave dei processi inflazionistici e che esercitano una significativa influenza negativa sulla produzione. Le aspettative di inflazione risultano essere relativamente persistenti – quasi come la produzione – benché si adeguino alle evoluzioni sia della produzione che dell’inflazione (effettive), specialmente nel medio periodo.
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JEL classification:
- E31 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles - - - Price Level; Inflation; Deflation
- E52 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit - - - Monetary Policy
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