Témoignages sur quelques renouveaux de la pensée « non-conformiste » en Economie appli¬quée, des «Nouveaux principes» (1819) à «L’Europe sans rivages, quarante ans après » (1991) - Evidence about renewed « non -conformist » thinking in applied economic theory, from « Nouveaux principles » (1819) to « L ‘Europe sans rivages, quarante ans après» (1991)

Anti-orthodox thinking was, from time to time, successful in bringing new theoretical insight, starting from Sismondi’s Nouveaux Principes in the early XIXth century. Léon Walras, the founder of neo-classical economics in France, asserted that his Economie pure paved the way for applied, social and even socialist solutions; after him, Antonelli’s not so well known Economie pure du capitalisme upheld a definitely non-marxian brand of socialism, which was also, in a way, antiorthodox. Realistic monetary approaches, such as Afflation’s Endeavour in the twenties, certainly contributed to the development of economic theory in France (long before the influence of the « second Keynes » writings) . . . We should mention many others at that time. However, we keep in mind how Francois Per roux, fighting against the still prevailing « vague mass of XIXth century tradition », sought to rebuild applied economic theory. Today, some of his main writings find renewed attention: e.g., by Raymond Barre et al., « L’Europe sans rivages, quarante ans après », Lyon, 1991 (Fondation Francois Perroux).