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Abstract
In an increasingly globalized world, people in country A know more about other countries than they used to. Thus, there are more countries, such as B, which pursue policies that A feels are so bad that A must do something. The options of A fall with the distance to the offending country B. However, A can always impose a trade sanction on B. Consequently, international sanctions are getting increasingly common. Sanctions are analyzed in two largely disjunct literatures: One deals with the losses in A and B. The second analyzes the effect of sanctions on the policy of B. Both literatures are known for modest findings. This is well known by the decision makers in A. The paper argues that the purpose of many sanctions is expressive. They allow politicians in A to say that they do something, and this makes A’s population feel good. Le sanzioni sono strumentali o espressive? In un mondo globalizzato la popolazione di un certo paese A riceve molte più informazioni sugli altri paesi del mondo di quanto non accadesse in precedenza. Di conseguenza, c’è un maggior numero di paesi, per esempio B, che attua politiche che A ritiene così pericolose da dover reagire. Le opzioni di A diminuiscono con la distanza dal paese B ritenuto minaccioso. Tuttavia, A può sempre imporre una sanzione commerciale su B. Per questo motivo le sanzioni internazionali stanno diventando sempre più frequenti. Esse sono analizzate in due filoni di letteratura: il primo si focalizza sulle perdite nei due paesi. Il secondo analizza gli effetti delle sanzioni di A sulla politica del paese B. Le evidenze di entrambi i filoni risultano essere modeste e questo è ben noto a chi prende le decisioni nel paese A. Lo studio sostiene che il fine di molte sanzioni è espressivo, in quanto i politici del paese A, tramite la loro applicazione, dimostrano di fare qualcosa e questo è percepito positivamente dalla popolazione di A.
Suggested Citation
Martin Paldam, 2025.
"Are Sanctions Instrumental or Expressive?,"
Economia Internazionale / International Economics, Camera di Commercio Industria Artigianato Agricoltura di Genova, vol. 78(4), pages 619-634, October.
Handle:
RePEc:ris:ecoint:021734
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Keywords
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JEL classification:
- F13 - International Economics - - Trade - - - Trade Policy; International Trade Organizations
- F51 - International Economics - - International Relations, National Security, and International Political Economy - - - International Conflicts; Negotiations; Sanctions
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