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Le taux de chômage structurel au Québec : un bilan du dernier quart de siècle

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  • Guindon, Denis

    (Commission de la santé et de la sécurité du travail, Québec)

Abstract

This study analyses the causes of unemployment fluctuations in Québec since 1962 according to age and sex. It is different from other studies because it does not make the assumption that the structural component of the prime age male unemployment rate has been constant over time. Morever, this study innovate by building a cyclical tightness index wich explicitly take account of the interdependence between the goods and the labor market, introducing the Okun's Law. That gives an equation system which is re-estimated until the results converge. In addition to the structural factors appearing in an earlier study (variations of the labor force composition, the relative minimum wage, the generosity index of the unemployment insurance program and the relative earnings in the public sector), the author examines the possibility that marginal tax rates, payroll tax and employment dispersion have affected the unemployment rate. The results shows that each of the structural variables having affected youth and female unemployment rates, has affected the adult male unemployment too, although in a less manner. Then, it looks like the impact on the demographic variables on the structural component of the overall unemployment rate has been strongly overestimated in earlier studies. However, the impact of the minimum wage and that of the unemployment insurance are very similar. Lastly, the fiscal variables turn out to be an important factor in the structural component of unemployment rates. Cette étude analyse les causes des fluctuations du chômage au Québec depuis 1962, selon l’âge et le sexe. Elle se distingue des autres en ce qu’elle ne fait pas l’hypothèse que la composante structurelle du taux de chômage des hommes adultes soit demeurée constante dans le temps. De plus, elle innove par la construction d’un indice de la tension conjoncturelle qui tient compte explicitement de l’interdépendance entre le marché des biens et le marché du travail, en recourant à la Loi d’Okun. Ceci donne lieu à un système d’équations qui est réestimé jusqu’à convergence des résultats. En plus des facteurs structurels tenus en compte dans une étude précédente (changements dans la composition de la population active, le salaire minimum relatif, l’indice de la générosité du programme d’assurance-chômage et la rémunération relative du secteur public), l’auteur examine la possibilité que les taux marginaux d’imposition, les taxes sur la masse salariale et la dispersion de l’emploi aient affecté le taux de chômage. Les résultats indiquent que chacune des variables structurelles ayant affecté le taux de chômage des jeunes et des femmes a aussi, quoique dans une moindre mesure, affecté le taux de chômage des hommes adultes. L’impact des variables démographiques sur la composante structurelle du taux de chômage d’ensemble apparaît donc avoir été fortement surestimé dans les études précédentes. Toutefois, l’impact du salaire minimum et celui de l’assurance-chômage sont très semblables. Finalement, la fiscalité ressort comme étant un facteur dominant de l’évolution de la composante structurelle des taux de chômage.

Suggested Citation

  • Guindon, Denis, 1991. "Le taux de chômage structurel au Québec : un bilan du dernier quart de siècle," L'Actualité Economique, Société Canadienne de Science Economique, vol. 67(3), pages 325-355, septembre.
  • Handle: RePEc:ris:actuec:v:67:y:1991:i:3:p:325-355
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