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Retour à Adam Smith (1723-1790) après deux siècles?

Author

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  • Pelletier, Gérard-R.

    (Département d’économique, Université de Sherbrooke)

Abstract

After a review of current assessments of Smithian economics, the author stresses the interest of the entire system at historical, sociological and ethical levels. The renewed interest in Smith comes from his ethical positions rather than from his skills as an economic analyst. The solution to the vexing problem of ever finding an acceptable ethics in distribution theory seems to be found somewhere between utilitarian and deontological theories. But neither of these two theories alone succeeds in doing so, as one is easily convinced from a short survey of the existing literature ranging from Hare to Rawls and then to Sen. The priority given by Smith to motives of two kinds at two levels different from utility permits one to have an alternative view to utilitarianism for kinds of ethical premises which belong to three levels of generalization and universalization. His naturalism does not permit one to go very far in that direction however, and much work has still to be done to bridge economics to philosophical systems other than, and distinct from, utilitarianism. Après un survol des appréciations courantes de l’analyse économique de Smith, on souligne l’intérêt actuel marqué pour la totalité du système incluant d’autres niveaux comme l’histoire, la sociologie et l’éthique. Le plus intéressant de Smith pour les années à venir semble résider bien plus dans ses positions éthiques que dans son analyse économique. En fait, le principal problème pendant actuellement est celui d’une éthique acceptable de la répartition, qui ne semble résider ni dans les théories déontologiques, ni dans l’utilitarisme, mais quelque part entre les deux, comme nous convainc facilement un rapide coup d’oeil sur les positions récentes allant de Hare à Sen en passant par Rawls. La priorité accordée par Smith à d’autres motifs de deux sortes et à deux niveaux au lieu de l’utilité nous donne enfin une vision alternative à l’utilitarisme grâce à des prémisses qui appartiennent maintenant à trois niveaux de généralité et d’universalité. À cause de son naturalisme, cependant, Smith ne nous offre pas de suggestions précises pour expliciter ce système et nous permettre enfin une méthode pour souder n’importe quel système philosophique et pas seulement l’utilitarisme à la théorie économique.

Suggested Citation

  • Pelletier, Gérard-R., 1990. "Retour à Adam Smith (1723-1790) après deux siècles?," L'Actualité Economique, Société Canadienne de Science Economique, vol. 66(3), pages 319-347, septembre.
  • Handle: RePEc:ris:actuec:v:66:y:1990:i:3:p:319-347
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