Contending epistemic orders: A systematic review of the philosophical and epistemological foundations of contemporary Indonesian economic thought

The philosophy of economics has rarely asked how economic knowledge is formed, justified and applied in a plural, Muslim-majority, post-authoritarian developing society, despite Indonesia's formative role in twentieth-century debates over the cultural scope of economic theory. This article systematically reviews contemporary scholarship on the philosophical and epistemological foundations of Indonesian economic thought. Following SPAR-4-SLR and PRISMA 2020, a Scopus-derived corpus of 55 records (retrieved 4 September 2026) was screened to 44 eligible studies, profiled descriptively and synthesised through critical interpretive synthesis around the concept of epistemic orders: socially sustained configurations of epistemic authority, anthropology of the economic agent, conception of the economic good and institutional carriers. Six orders structure the literature: constitutional–nationalist, Islamic–theological, customary–communal, technocratic–market, structural–institutionalist and juridical–procedural. Fifty-nine per cent of studies invoke two orders, and hybrid frameworks proliferate in halal governance and state-enterprise reform. The field is juridified: 17 of 44 studies appear in law journals and doctrinal analysis is the modal method, so that questions about economic truth are posed as questions about legal certainty. Warrants are methodologically segregated—quantitative evidence serves only the technocratic order, ethnography the customary order, doctrine the Islamic and juridical orders—so that hybridisation occurs at the level of concepts rather than evidence. The article offers the first systematic mapping of post-Reformasi Indonesian economic thought as an epistemological field, proposes a typology of inter-order interaction (subsumption, hybridisation, translation and contestation) and sets out a research agenda for a philosophy of economics attentive to plural orders of justification in the Global South. Keywords : philosophy of economics; epistemic pluralism; Pancasila economics; Islamic economics; legal pluralism; moral economy; Indonesia; systematic literature review