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Les comptes de la protection sociale : historique et perspectives

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  • Alain Fonteneau
  • Alain Gubian
  • Henri Sterdyniak
  • Christine Verpeaux

Abstract

[eng] The French Social Security : History and Forecasts A. Fonteneau, A. Gubian, H. Sterdyniak, C. Verpeaux The ratio of social security payments to GDP has expanded from 17 to 27 percent over the last twenty years. Three sub-periods can be distinguished. From 1968 to 1973, there was a rapid increase in social security benefits (6.7 % p. a.) and a similar increase in GDP. From 1973 to 1982 benefits kept on rising sharply (+ 6.4 % p. a.), but the growth of real GDP was much slower. Since 1982 the annual increase in benefits has decelerated (2.6 %). It has however remained higher than the growth of GDP. The waning of welfare policy began in 1983. The ratio of social security payments to GDP rose from 17.7 percent in 1968 to 18.3 in 1973, to 26.3 in 1982 and to 27.1 in 1986. The counterpart was a similar increase in social security contributions. From 1973 to 1982 employers' contributions rose as much as those of employees. From 1982, the rise in employers' payments has been lower than that of employees. Such a policy accounts for the high increase in the share of net wages in gross wage costs (40 % in 1986). Three medium-term projections of the Social Security were analysed. In the first scenario, there are neither new fiscal measures nor new cuts in social payments. From 1987 to 1992 the average annual growth of social security benefits would be lower than that recorded between 1981 and 1986. (2.7 % against 3.4 %). Because of the weak growth of GDP, the ratio of benefits to GDP would be 1.6 percentage points higher, and social contributions would rise slowly (0.8 % p. a.). The deficit would reach FF. 136 billion (i.e. 2.7 % of GDP). It would be about FF. 120 billion with an increase in wages of 2 percent per annum from 1989 to 1992 (second scenario). In order to eliminate such an automatic deficit, new measures are taken into account in the last projection. No particularly painful reform of the social security system is assumed, and the employers' contributions remain stable. Social benefits would then rise by 2.3 % p. a. The contributions on the retired, on the unemployed and on employees would be substantially raised. Further, the rate of contributions based on total income would reach 0.8 % in 1992. Postponing the retirement age is not desirable when unemployment is high. Indexing pensions to net wages would be fairer than making the retired bear the cost of the necessary adjustments. The development of pensions by capitalization seems difficult and liable to make the matter worse. Under present legislative provisions, the levy on the active population would increase dramatically (44 % from now on to 2020), although this would not necessarily prevent a rise in the purchasing power of the wage earners. The present system of family allowances looks insufficient. But it is not really unfair provided that it is supplemented by a guaranteed minimum income mechanism. As far as unemployment benefits are concerned, the Government should subsidize the creation and the maintenance of marginal jobs. The total budgetary cost would be negligible. [fre] pour l'entreprise est trois fois supérieur à son coût social, ce qui conduit les entreprises à faire des choix socialement inefficaces. La seconde partie de l'article propose plusieurs projections des finances sociales à l'horizon 1992. La première, dite spontanée, ne retient que les mesures déjà prises au 1er décembre 1987. Le pouvoir d'achat des prestations sociales augmenterait au rythme de 2,7 % l'an, soit 0,7 % de moins que la progression des années 1981-1986. Mais, comme la croissance du PIB ne serait que de 1,8 % en pouvoir d'achat, la part des prestations sociales reprendrait sa progression, passant de 26,6 en 1986 à 28,2 % du PIB en 1992. En raison de la faible croissance de la masse salariale, les recettes ne progresseraient que de 0,8 % l'an. En 1988 l'ensemble des régimes aurait un déficit de 29 milliards. Chaque année le déficit augmenterait, en moyenne, de 32 milliards de francs 1986. Il atteindrait 156 milliards en 1992. Ce déficit s'expliquerait pour 90 milliards par l'excès de la croissance des prestations à celle du PIB et pour 76 milliards par l'insuffisance de la croissance de la masse salariale par rapport au PIB. Rapporté à la masse salariale le déficit serait de 1,5 % en 1988 et atteindrait 8,0 % en 1992. Il faudrait augmenter chaque année de 0,8 point les taux salariés et les taux employeurs si on voulait conserver l'équilibre par ce seul moyen. Une accélération de la croissance des salaires de 2 % l'an entre 1989 et 1992 par rapport à la tendance spontanée accroîtrait automatiquement les recettes. Compte tenu des indexations automatiques sur les salaires, les dépenses progresseraient également plus vite mais leur part dans le PIB décroîtrait légèrement. Le déficit à combler serait alors de 119 milliards au lieu de 156 milliards. Le déficit qui apparaît dans la projection spontanée n'étant pas acceptable, il faut envisager des mesures correctrices portant sur les dépenses ou sur les recettes. Nous avons exploré ici une politique, similaire à celle du passé, consistant à faire quelques économies sur les dépenses, à augmenter les cotisations portant sur les salariés et à étendre la fiscalisation. Tout cela sans peser sur les entreprises. Ce rééquilibrage des comptes de la protection sociale pèserait principalement sur les chômeurs et les retraités, dont le pouvoir d'achat par tête régresserait au total de 0,9 % par an ; puis sur les salariés, dont le salaire net diminuerait de 0,4 % par an ; enfin, à un degré moindre, sur l'ensemble des ménages, en raison du prélèvement de 0,8 % sur i'ensembre des revenus. Dans cette hypothèse, de 1987 à 1992, les prestations sociales augmenteraient de 170 milliards de francs 1986 soit la quasi-totalité de la progression du revenu disponible des ménages (200 milliards).

Suggested Citation

  • Alain Fonteneau & Alain Gubian & Henri Sterdyniak & Christine Verpeaux, 1988. "Les comptes de la protection sociale : historique et perspectives," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 22(1), pages 53-84.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:rvofce:ofce_0751-6614_1988_num_22_1_1121
    DOI: 10.3406/ofce.1988.1121
    Note: DOI:10.3406/ofce.1988.1121
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