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Le Japon à l'âge mur

Author

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  • Thierry Schwob
  • Philippe Sigogne

Abstract

[fre] Depuis le début des années 1980 les excédents commerciaux japonais sont spectaculaires, mais aussi leurs emprunts à l'étranger ; tandis que l'excès d'épargne intérieure sur l'investissement provoque des sorties massives de capitaux. Ce qui fait du Japon une plaque tournante non seulement commerciale, mais aussi financière. Le rapide développement de l'économie a bénéficié d'une démographie favorable depuis la deuxième guerre mondiale. L'émergence de nouvelles activités et les chocs pétroliers ont suscité des restructurations répétées. Celles-ci ont permis d'enrayer le laminage des profits, renforçant la mainmise de l'industrie sur l'économie. Engagés dans une phase de rattrapage des pays les plus riches, les Japonais ont payé l'intense effort de modernisation par une pause des salaires réels depuis dix ans et un surcroît d'épargne. Leur consommation n'est pas à la mesure de leur travail. Le passage, au milieu des années 1970, d'un endettement des entreprises à celui de l'Etat a favorisé l'éclosion de nouveaux marchés financiers et rendu moins efficace le contrôle direct de la liquidité. La régulation par les taux d'intérêt est privilégiée depuis 1980. L'internationalisation du yen pourrait la remettre en cause. Le freinage des dépenses publiques amorcé en 1980 et la privatisation d'entreprises publiques déficitaires se heurtent à des limites ; mais la faiblesse de la pression fiscale laisse une marge de manœuvre. Depuis 1983 la reprise américaine a permis aux entreprises japonaises de hautes technologies de développer massivement leurs exportations, et a amplifié la vague de modernisation. La production industrielle s'est acrrue de 20 %. En dépit de l'amélioration de l'emploi, la croissance du pouvoir d'achat a été lente et la consommation n'a progressé que de 6 % en deux ans. Le redressement des profits a restauré la confiance des entrepreneurs. L'investissement prendra le relais des exportations, permettant de maintenir un rythme de croissance de 5 à 6 % jusqu'en 1986. A plus long terme le Japon aura à faire face aux difficultés nées de ses excédents commerciaux, engendrés par son goût de l'épargne et de la compétition, et, d'autre part, au vieillissement de sa population. [eng] Commercial surpluses have been spectacular since the beginning of the 1980's, but so has external borrowing. Meanwhile, domestic savings have largely exceeded investment, with massive capital outflows as a result. Japan has become an international financial center as well as a commercial one. Since World War II. rapid economic growth has been helped by demographic developments. The surge of new activities, and oil shocks, have both led to recurrent restructurations which interrupted the shrinking of profits and increased the leardership of industry in the economy. A high price has been paid for this considerable modernisation during the past ten years. Real wages have come to a halt while savings increased further. Hard work is not entirely rewarded by consumption. Ten years ago, indebtedness has shifted from private firms to the public sector. As a result, new financial markets appeared while direct control of liquidity became more difficult. Controls have been focused on interest rates since 1980 ; but this could be impaired by the internationalisation of the yen. Public deficits could not be reduced easily despite cuts in some expenditures and the privatisation of State — controlled entreprises ; but the low level of fiscal pressure leaves an important room for manoeuvre. Since 1983, the US recovery has enabled high-tech Japanese firms to expand their exports and has accelerated the modernisation process. Industrial production has surged by 20 %. Despite a growth in employment, real incomes have increased only moderately and private consumption gained a modest 6 % over two years. In the private sector, confidence has been restored by the pick up in profits. In the near future, investment will replace exports as the dynamic component of demand, this enabling GNP to grow at an annual rate of 5-6 % through 1986. In the longer term, Japon will be faced with two major problems : commercial surpluses linked with the spirit of competition and saving, and an ageing population.

Suggested Citation

  • Thierry Schwob & Philippe Sigogne, 1985. "Le Japon à l'âge mur," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 12(1), pages 49-121.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:rvofce:ofce_0751-6614_1985_num_12_1_1032
    DOI: 10.3406/ofce.1985.1032
    Note: DOI:10.3406/ofce.1985.1032
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