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États-Unis : une croissance hypothéquée

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  • Sabine Mathieu

Abstract

[eng] With the easing of monetary policy from summer 1982 onwards, the American economy bounced back to its pre-recession level and has been growing vigorously for the past year. Investment, largely self-financed owing to tax deductions, has reached a higher level than during the cyclical recoveries which started in 1961 and 1975. After the rationalization of existing structures, it can now be turned towards increasing capacity in dynamic sectors. Employment has reached and now overtaken its previous peak. However, compared with the same two cycles, the relative increase in the services sector, which has tended to grow in importance, is lower and the rise in productivity is more marked in manufacturing industry where the return to previous employment levels has been put back. Inflationary pressures have been slight during the recovery phase thanks to moderate wage increases, cheap imports and lower taxes. These effects are falling off and would be reversed if slacker monetary policy were to prolong a strong expansion. The cyclical lead over countries, the structural difficulties of Latin America and an over valued dollar have weighed on the foreign deficit. The surplus in services remains high but that of investment goods has fallen considerably. The budget deficit, a veritable mortgage on future growth, is far from being resolved. Receipts are only marginally increasing as business conditions improve and decision making is delayed by the forth-coming elections. Under these conditions and with targets for the money supply which seem hardly attainable, the response of the monetary authorities to fluctuations of the dollar, to the private sector demand for credit and to the public sector borrowing requirement will be crucial. Leaving aside extreme solutions, the slowdown in activity could well be jolted by fragmented policy making. Appendices : forecast results and basic charts. [fre] L'économie américaine, moins contrainte par la politique monétaire à partir de l'été 1982, a rapidement rebondi à son niveau prérécessionniste, puis s'est engagée depuis un an dans une croissance vigoureuse. L'investissement, amplement autofinancé du fait des déductions fiscales, a progressé davantage qu'au cours des reprises cycliques amorcées en 1961 et en 1975. D'abord tourné vers la rationalisation des structures en place, il pourrait viser maintenant l'accroissement de capacité des secteurs dynamiques. L'emploi a retrouvé puis nettement dépassé son sommet antérieur selon un déroulement qui n'est usuel qu'en apparence. En référence aux deux mêmes cycles, l'augmentation relative est moins vive dans les services, dont le poids s'est accru tendanciellement, et les gains de productivité sont plus marqués dans l'industrie manufacturière, où le retour aux effectifs passés est repoussé dans le temps. Les tensions inflationnistes ont été faibles durant la phase de reprise grâce à des hausses de salaires modérées, des importations bon marché et des impôts réduits. Ces effets vont en s' atténuant et s'inverseraient en cas de poursuite d'une vive expansion qui résulterait d'un relâchement monétaire. Le décalage conjoncturel avec l'étranger, les difficultés structurelles des pays latino-américains et la surévaluation du dollar ont creusé le déficit extérieur. Si un fort excédent des services subsiste, celui des biens d'équipement s'est considérablement réduit. L'hypothèque que fait peser sur la croissance le règlement du déficit budgétaire est loin d'être levée. Car les recettes ne bénéficient que marginalement de l'amélioration de la conjoncture, et l'éché- cance électorale retarde les prises de décision. Dans ces conditions la réponse des autorités monétaires aux fluctuations du dollar, à la demande de crédit privé et aux besoins des administrations sera déterminante, les objectifs de croissance monétaire affichés apparaissant difficilement tenables. Ecartant des solutions extrêmes, la réponse au coup par coup risque de donner un profil heurté au ralentissement de l'activité.

Suggested Citation

  • Sabine Mathieu, 1984. "États-Unis : une croissance hypothéquée," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 8(1), pages 71-119.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:rvofce:ofce_0751-6614_1984_num_8_1_993
    DOI: 10.3406/ofce.1984.993
    Note: DOI:10.3406/ofce.1984.993
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