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Eléments et hypothèses pour une interprétation synthétique de l'inflation

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  • Serge Barthélémy

Abstract

[eng] Factors and assumptions for a synthetic interpretation of inflation. . Understanding inflation does not mean simply identifying one or more factors which, in a given place and ai a given time, can explain rising prices. It means accounting in a sufficiently complète manner for the « behaviour » of the phenomenon, i.e. its shifting topography and it variability in time.. When viewed singly, the chief existing theories cannot do this adequately. Some of them are not sufficiently comprehensive and are scarcely applicable save in cases of heavy and lasting inflation ; conversely, other theories try to prove too much : in the light of such theories we fail to understand why there is so Utile inflation and why it occurs so seldom.. Therefore, a twofold approach to the problem is indispensable : (1) take as a guiding principle the most general idea we can have concerning the function of inflation, in which case it appears as a mechanism which reduces inconsistencies and reconciles facts and desicions which a priori are incompatible, and (2) make a precise study of the « inconsistency content » of each inflationary phase. Powerful inflationary factors of a structural nature existed as early as the closing phase of World War Two. Yet other more transient factors thwarted the effects of these general factors : manpower reserves, margins of technological progress, relations between producers and consumers of natural resources. The dwindling of these margins and certain major political accidents — particularly the Viet Nam war — jeopardized the existing equilibrium. At this point, generalizing and amplifying mechanisms — mainly monetary — went into action. At present, the paths leading out of inflation are rocky : the spontaneous advent of new limiting factors is rather improbable ; national policies are subject to contradictory imperatives and their success seems to imply a sufficiently wide margin of freedom with respect to outside constraints. Such a margin cannot exist for ail countries concerned, unless new solutions for financing debit balances can be instituted. Even them, from the long-run standpoint, the resumption of expansion should not divert our efforts from the task of solving the fundamental problems of man's relations with Nature. [fre] Comprendre l'inflation, ce n'est pas seulement identifier un ou plusieurs facteurs qui, en un certain lieu et en un certain temps, peuvent expliquer la hausse des prix. C'est rendre compte de façon suffisamment complète de « l'allure du phéno­mène », c'est-à-dire de sa géographie mouvante et de sa variabilité dans le temps. Prises isolément, les principales théories sont impropres à cet usage. Les unes manquent de généralité et ne sont guère applicables aux cas d'inflations massives et durables ; les autres à l'inverse veulent trop prouver : à les suivre, on ne com­prend pas qu'il y ait si peu d'inflation et si rarement. Un double mouvement s'impose donc :. ― prendre pour guide l'idée la plus générale que l'on peut se faire de la fonction remplie par l'inflation, et celle-ci apparaît alors comme un mécanisme réducteur d'incohérence qui concilie faits et décisions a priori incompatibles ;. ― étudier avec précision le « contenu d'incohérence » de chaque phase inflationniste.. De puissants facteurs inflationnistes de nature structurelle étaient en place dès la fin de la deuxième guerre mondiale. D'autres facteurs, plus transitoires, en ont contrarié l'effet : réserves de main-d'œuvre, marges de progrès technique, état des rapports entre producteurs et utilisateurs de ressources naturelles. L'ame­nuisement de ces marges et certains accidents politiques majeurs — en particuliers la guerre du Viet Nam — ont remis en cause l'équilibre existant. Des mécanismes de généralisation et d'amplification, principalement monétaires, sont alors entrés en jeu.. Actuellement, les voies de sortie de l'inflation sont difficiles : l'apparition spontanée de nouveaux facteurs limitatifs est peu probable. Les politiques nationales sont soumises à des nécessités contradictoires et leur succès paraît impliquer une' marge de liberté suffisante à l'égard de la contrainte extérieure ; cette marge ne peut exister pour l'ensemble des pays concernés, sauf si de nouvelles solutions de financement des soldes déficitaires pouvaient être instaurées. Encore faudrait-il, dans la perspective du long terme, que la reprise de la croissance ne détourne pas de donner des solutions aux problèmes fondamentaux qui concernent les rapports de l'homme avec la nature.

Suggested Citation

  • Serge Barthélémy, 1978. "Eléments et hypothèses pour une interprétation synthétique de l'inflation," Revue Économique, Programme National Persée, vol. 29(3), pages 421-463.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:reveco:reco_0035-2764_1978_num_29_3_408393
    DOI: 10.3406/reco.1978.408393
    Note: DOI:10.3406/reco.1978.408393
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    1. Robert Boyer & Jacques Mistral, 1976. "Formation de capital, prix relatifs, inflation," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 77(1), pages 29-48.
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