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La notion de rural et les rapports ville-campagne en France. Des années cinquante aux années quatre-vingts

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  • Nicole Mathieu

Abstract

[eng] The important transformations of the french "rural space" and the different forms of reconstitution of rural economies and societies require new insights into the concepts of "rurality" and "countryside". The relevance of these categories of spatial analysis must be revisited, and we have to identify the consequences of the observed changes on the concepts themselves. On the one hand, the relation with the landscape and the agricultural activity is vanishing ; at the same time, the employment in secondary and tertiary activities is growing, and the residential function of this space is enhanced ; a complete reversal of the social representations appears. On the other hand, the relations of this "rural space" strongly re-emerge with the concepts of nature, milieu, and natural ressources, due to the rise of environmental concerns, and to the new valorisation of landscape in the thinking of spatial différenciation. Moreover, the prominent place taken by the concept of crisis in the analysis of spatial dynamics is introducing a new factor, with a tendancy to erase the rural/urban cleavage to the advantage of the concept of locality. We'll try to define the consequences of these contradictory moves on the possibility to identify new divisions of rural space, i.e. the new spatial categories resulting from these recompositions. We'll try also to compare them with the previous typologies, more often proposed without integrating the environmental dimensions. [fre] Les mutations considérables qui ont affecté T'espace rural" français et les modes de recomposition des économies et des sociétés rurales que l'on observe aujourd'hui obligent à reconsidérer la pertinence de ces catégories d'analyse spatiale que sont les notions de "rural" et de "campagne" de même qu'à identifier les conséquences de ces changements sur leur contenu conceptuel. D'un côté, s'efface la relation au paysage et à l'activité agricole en même temps que s'accroissent les emplois secondaires et tertiaires et que se confirme la fonction résidentielle de cet espace aboutissant ainsi à un véritable renversement de sa représentation ; de l'autre côté, resurgit avec plus de force ses relations avec les notions de nature, de milieu et de ressources naturelles du fait de la montée des préoccupations environnementales et de la revalorisation du paysage dans la pensée des différenciations spatiales. Enfin la place de plus en plus prégnante que prend le concept de crise dans les analyses des dynamiques spatiales introduit un facteur nouveau tendant à effacer la distinction rural/urbain au bénéfice de la notion de local. On tentera de définir les conséquences de ces mouvements contradictoires sur la possibilité d'identifier les nouvelles divisions de l'espace rural, i.e. les nouvelles catégories spatiales issues de ces recompositions et de les confronter aux typologies antérieures des espaces ruraux établies le plus souvent sans y intégrer les dimensions environnementales et de crise de l'emploi.

Suggested Citation

  • Nicole Mathieu, 1990. "La notion de rural et les rapports ville-campagne en France. Des années cinquante aux années quatre-vingts," Économie rurale, Programme National Persée, vol. 197(1), pages 35-41.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:recoru:ecoru_0013-0559_1990_num_197_1_4059
    DOI: 10.3406/ecoru.1990.4059
    Note: DOI:10.3406/ecoru.1990.4059
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