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L'agriculture méditerranéenne de la France : dynamique et contradictions. Théorie du marché du travail

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  • Jean-Pierre Berlan

Abstract

[eng] Intensive crops in our definition require a large amount of work per acre and a very skewed distribution of this work during the year, harvest being in general the crucial operation of a cycle of production since it requires more than half of the total annual workload over a very short period of time. . If initially most crops were intensive according to this definition, thanks to mechanical advances, intensive crops are largely limited now to fruit and vegetable production which tend to be located in southern Europe. But the problems of «Mediterranean agriculture» are almost never studied from the point of view of the specific labor market they imply, sun and water being generally considered as the most important factors of production. . We hold the view that this type of crops imply the emergence of a specific labor market from which all the fixed costs have been eliminated. . Briefly stated the argument runs along the following lines : Harvest appears as a random operation since : . - the quantities to be harvested are random and unknown until the last moment (an hail storm may destroy the crop at any time) . - the moment of harvest varies widely. . Since the work to be done is proportional to the quantities to be harvested (a reasonable assumption) the labor force for harvest must be immediately available in much larger number than usually necessary. . Moreover, since a harvest in the barn is always worth more than in the fields, shortening the length of harvest is always profitable. This means using more workers than would be usually necessary, and it is possible only if the harvest costs are totally disconnected from the number of harvest hands. At a microeconomic level, piece rate appears as the ideal solution and at a microeconomic level, the labor market must be such that there exist always more workers available than would be necessary under the worst economic or weather conditions. Work instability and partial employement even at peak employment time are built in consequences. [fre] Ce premier article s'attache à définir un cadre théorique d'analyse permettant de comprendre le fonctionnement et la dynamique du marché du travail dans les régions où dominent les cultures intensives, c'est-à-dire les régions méditerranéennes. Les cultures intensives - fruits, légumes, vigne - sont définies comme celles qui exigent un fort volume de travail à l'ha très inégalement réparti au cours de l'année. La récolte est pour ces cultures l'opération cruciale puisqu'elle exige en un laps de temps très bref plus de la moitié du temps de travail annuel. . Or la récolte est une opération doublement aléatoire : les quantités à récolter sont inconnues jusqu'au dernier moment et peuvent changer même quand la récolte a commencé - il suffit d'un coup de grêle pour l'anéantir - ; le moment de la récolte est inconnu et peut être décalé de plusieurs semaines par rapport à une année moyenne. Pour un agriculteur, il est essentiel de disposer d'une quantité de main-d'œuvre telle qu'il puisse récolter quelles que soient les conditions climatiques ou économiques ; il est aussi toujours avantageux de soustraire aussi rapidement que possible sa récolte aux aléas climatiques et économiques, donc d'en réduire la durée, c'est-à-dire d'employer plus de main-d'œuvre qu'il ne serait normalement nécessaire. . Ceci n'est possible que si le coût de la récolte est rendu strictement proportionnel au volume récolté et est donc indépendant du nombre de personnes employées et du moment de la récolte. Le paiement aux pièces constitue alors l'idéal à atteindre. . Le marché du travail idéal pour les employeurs est donc celui dont les dernières traces de fixité des coûts ont disparu. Il ne peut reposer que sur une main-d'œuvre allogène en provenance de régions ou pays où les salaires et revenus sont extrêmement bas ; une main-d'œuvre déracinée est de plus très souple d'emploi puisqu'elle est là pour faire des heures, ce qui n'est pas le cas d'une main-d'œuvre locale protégée par son insertion dans la communauté du village.

Suggested Citation

  • Jean-Pierre Berlan, 1983. "L'agriculture méditerranéenne de la France : dynamique et contradictions. Théorie du marché du travail," Économie rurale, Programme National Persée, vol. 153(1), pages 42-49.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:recoru:ecoru_0013-0559_1983_num_153_1_2928
    DOI: 10.3406/ecoru.1983.2928
    Note: DOI:10.3406/ecoru.1983.2928
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