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La mesure des inégalités. Un point de vue de statisticiens

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  • J. Begue
  • C. Thelot
  • A. Fouquet

Abstract

[eng] The example of inequalities among incomes makes it possible to present a critical analysis of the technical paraphenalia statisticians have to measure inequalities. The ratio between the meansof various social groups, the coefficients of dispersions or the synthetic indicators of concentration give various possibilities to describe the gaps between incomes among one population, or two subpopulations, in various ways. The least precaution to take is to define the concepts as well as the units between which comparisons are being made, with precision. If general reports can usually be established, the diversity of points of view as well as the existence of various instruments of measure do not always give the possibility to get the same appraisal of the range of inequalities. . Things get more complex when, coming to the various fields of social life, one tries to establish a scale of « standards of living », to compare the « ways of living ». The fields which are more qualitative than incomes raise special problems. But above all, the combining of various indicators concerning various fields is technically more difficult and even raises fundamental questions : how to build only one scale of reference, how to reckon the comparative «weights» of various fields ? . Last, beyond the problems of measure and combinations, thinking about the difference between inequalities as they are and inequalities as they are felt, about the notion of justice (which that of inequality implicity refers to), about the necessary conflicts and cooperations and on the specificity of the groups, which cannot always be reduced to inequalities, all this leads to the conclusion that to understand social reality on must go beyond the perspective of inequalities. [fre] L'exemple des inégalités de revenus permet une présentation critique de l'arsenal technique dont disposent les statisticiens pour mesurer les inégalités. Rapports de valeurs moyennes entre divers groupes sociaux, coefficients de dispersion ou indicateurs synthétiques de concentration, les possibilités de description des écarts de revenus au sein d'une population ou entre sous-populations sont multiples. Une précaution élémentaire est de définir avec précision les concepts ainsi que les unités entre lesquelles portent les comparaisons. Si des constats d'ensemble peuvent être généralement établis, la diversité des points de vue possibles et des instruments de mesure ne permet pas toujours d'obtenir des appréciations concordantes de l'ampleur des inégalités. . Les choses se compliquent lorsque, abordant les divers domaines du champ social, on cherche à établir une échelle des «niveaux de vie», à comparer des «modes de vie». Les domaines plus «qualitatifs» que les revenus posent des problèmes particuliers. Mais surtout, l'agrégation de différents indicateurs portant sur des domaines variés est d'une difficulté technique accrue et soulève même des questions de principe : comment construire une échelle unique de référence, comment calculer les « poids» relatifs des différents domaines ? . Enfin, au-delà de ces questions de mesure et de cumuls, des réflexions sur les différences entre inégalités réelles et inégalités perçues, sur la notion d'équité (à laquelle se réfère implicitement celle d'inégalité), sur les nécessaires coopérations et conflits entre groupes sociaux et sur les spécificités de ces groupes, lesquelles ne sont pas toujours réductibles à des inégalités, conduisent à la conclusion que la compréhension de la réalité sociale doit dépasser la problématique des inégalités.

Suggested Citation

  • J. Begue & C. Thelot & A. Fouquet, 1982. "La mesure des inégalités. Un point de vue de statisticiens," Économie rurale, Programme National Persée, vol. 152(1), pages 14-25.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:recoru:ecoru_0013-0559_1982_num_152_1_2911
    DOI: 10.3406/ecoru.1982.2911
    Note: DOI:10.3406/ecoru.1982.2911
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