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Reproduction des écosystèmes et transformation des systèmes sociaux

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  • M. Godelier

Abstract

[eng] Reproduction of ecosystems and transformation of social systems - In this article the writer analyses recent studies, American ones in particular, made by anthropologists, of various societies of hunters — plant-gatherers (Pygmies, Bushmen), of nomadic shepherds (Jie, Karimojong, Dodoth in Eastern Africa) and the farmers of New Guinea. He shows that these societies make a selective, intelligent use of the resources of their environment and do not make use of some resources although they are aware of their existence. He shows that peoples with different economies may have opposite attitudes to the same ecosystem. For the Pygmies the equatorial forest provides the plants and wild animals they use and it seems to them welcoming and protective ; for the Bantu farmers who grow manioc and bananas by burn-beating, the forest seems hostile and aggressive. The writer analyses the constraints that ecological and technological structures impose on the dynamics of such societies. He poses the general problem of the rationality of the economic processes and shows that one cannot have an a priori universal model of economic rationality. Finally he discusses the still more general problems of the forms, places and effects of production relationships in various societies. [fre] L'auteur, dans cet article, analyse les travaux récents, surtout américains, d'anthropologues ayant étudié diverses sociétés de chasseurs-cueilleurs (Pygmées, Bushmen), de pasteurs nomades (Jie, Karimojong, Dodoth d'Afrique de l'Est) et des agriculteurs de Nouvelle-Guinée. Il montre que ces sociétés font un usage sélectif et intelligent des ressources de leur milieu, laissant cependant inexploitées des ressources qu'elles connaissent. Il montre que des populations d'économie différente peuvent avoir du même écosystème des vues opposées. Pour les Pygmées la forêt équatoriale fournit les plantes et animaux sauvages qu'ils utilisent et elle leur apparaît comme bienveillante, protectrice : pour les agriculteurs bantous qui pratiquent une culture de manioc et de bananiers par écobuage, la forêt apparaît comme hostile et agressive. L'auteur analyse les contraintes que font peser sur la dynamique de ces sociétés les structures écologiques et technologiques. Il pose le problème général de la rationalité des processus économiques et montre qu'on ne peut avoir de modèle a priori et universel de la rationalité économique. Enfin il discute du problème plus général encore des formes, des lieux et des effets des rapports de production dans diverses sociétés.

Suggested Citation

  • M. Godelier, 1978. "Reproduction des écosystèmes et transformation des systèmes sociaux," Économie rurale, Programme National Persée, vol. 124(1), pages 10-15.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:recoru:ecoru_0013-0559_1978_num_124_1_2550
    DOI: 10.3406/ecoru.1978.2550
    Note: DOI:10.3406/ecoru.1978.2550
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