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Rentabilité bancaire : l'expérience américaine

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  • Philippe Szymczak

Abstract

[eng] Banking profitability : the American experience . Since 1980, American commercial banks suffer from a strong worsening of their profitability and their rate of mortality is increasing. This paper, based on the exploiting of general and sectoral accounting data, analyses the signs, the modes and causes of this erosion of bank performances. The American banks are very heterogeneous and, mainly, the small western US banks have had more difficulties. On the other hand, the worsening of the banking profitability is not the result of a reduction of global margins but of an increase of operation costs and especially of a lower quality of the commercial bank assets. At last, the worsening of banking performances is the result of many changes acting together. Macro- economic shocks, for instance, as well as sectorial deflations and regional recessions have a great importance. Thus, the worsening of banking performances seems to be one of the costs of disinflation. On other side, the structural changes in the American financial system contributes already to the reduction of net margins and to the unavoidable concentration of the American financial system. The worsening of the commercial bank performances would be only partly reversible. [fre] Depuis 1980, les banques commerciales américaines subissent une forte détérioration de leur rentabilité et une aggravation de leur mortalité. Cet article, reposant sur l'exploitation de données comptables globales et catégorielles, analyse les symptômes, modalités et causes de cette dégradation des performances bancaires. La population des banques américaines est très hétérogène et ce sont notamment les petites banques de l'Ouest des Etats-Unis qui ont connu le plus de difficultés. Par ailleurs, la détérioration de la rentabilité bancaire ne procède pas, selon l'analyse, d'une contraction des marges globales mais d'un alourdissement des coûts opératoires et surtout d'une dégradation de la qualité de l'actif des banques commerciales. Enfin, la dégradation des performances bancaires résulte de la conjugaison de multiples évolutions. Les chocs conjoncturels macro-économiques, par exemple, ainsi que les déflations sectorielles et les récessions régionales ont joué un rôle crucial. En cela, la détérioration des performances bancaires apparaît bien comme l'un des coûts de la désinflation. L'incidence des évolutions structurelles du système financier américain, qui contribuent d'ores et déjà à la contraction des marges nettes et à l'inéluctable consolidation du système bancaire américain ont également leur importance. La détérioration des performances des banques commerciales ne serait que partiellement réversible.

Suggested Citation

  • Philippe Szymczak, 1988. "Rentabilité bancaire : l'expérience américaine," Revue d'Économie Financière, Programme National Persée, vol. 4(1), pages 68-87.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:recofi:ecofi_0987-3368_1988_num_4_1_5537
    DOI: 10.3406/ecofi.1988.5537
    Note: DOI:10.3406/ecofi.1988.5537
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