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Organisations, institutions, système : types et niveaux de règles

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  • Bernard Chavance

Abstract

[eng] The notion of rules is common to the economics of organization and the economics of institutions. These two fields may find a better relation thanks to clearer conceptual distinctions on one hand, and to a more hierarchised systemic approach on the other hand. This may clarify somewhat debates among institutionalist approaches. The paper first discusses the totalizing theory of working rules of Commons, the distinction between the rules of the spontaneous order and those of the organised order in Hayek, and North's view of institutions as rules of the game for organizations. A critical comparison of these three theories raises different questions : the importance of distinguishing organizational and institutional rules, and of taking into account informal and formal rules and their relations at both levels, the teleological character of the organization, the hierarchy of rules at different levels of society. The paper proposes a synthetic and critical approach in trying to articulate individual and collective actions in a systemic framework where organizations are defined as collective and hierarchised ensembles of specific rules, and institutions as general and social rules with higher durability, directly or indirectly sanctioned by the State. The cohesion of various configurations of rules is contingent, subject to permanent tensions, it evolves. It is an essential source of organizational and institutional change in a given system, and it is the origin of crises. [fre] La notion de règle est commune à l'économie des organisation et à l'économie des institutions. Ces deux domaines pourraient trouver une meilleure articulation grâce à certaines distinctions conceptuelles et à une approche systémique hiérarchisée, permettant une clarification des débats entre différentes approches institutionnalistes. L'article discute la conception englobante des règles d'activité de Commons, la distinction entre les règles de l'ordre spontané et celles de l'ordre organisé chez Hayek, et la conception des institutions comme règles du jeu pour les organisations avancée par North. Une comparaison critique de ces théories souligne en particulier : l'importance d'une distinction entre les règles organisationnelles et institutionnelles, la nécessité de prendre en compte les règles formelles et informelles et leurs rapports aux deux niveaux des organisations et des institutions, le caractère téléologique des organisations, la hiérarchie des règles à différents niveaux de la société. Le texte propose une approche synthétique et critique, en cherchant à relier les actions individuelles et collectives dans un cadre systémique où les organisations sont définies comme des ensembles collectifs et hiérarchisés de règles spécifiques, et les institutions comme des règles sociales générales de plus longue durée, directement ou indirectement sanctionnées par l'État. La cohésion des diverses configurations de règles est contingente, sujette à des tensions permanentes, elle évolue. Elle est une source essentielle du changement organisationnel et institutionnel dans un système donné et constitute l'origine des crises.

Suggested Citation

  • Bernard Chavance, 2001. "Organisations, institutions, système : types et niveaux de règles," Revue d'Économie Industrielle, Programme National Persée, vol. 97(1), pages 85-102.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:recind:rei_0154-3229_2001_num_97_1_1801
    DOI: 10.3406/rei.2001.1801
    Note: DOI:10.3406/rei.2001.1801
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    1. Sokolovskyi, Dmytro, 2017. "Informal and formal meaning of the norm and the institution," MPRA Paper 80355, University Library of Munich, Germany.

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