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L'unilatéralisme libéral de Nixon à Carter

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  • Laurent Cesari

Abstract

[fre] Résumé Cet article analyse la politique américaine de promotion des exportations, dans un contexte marqué par l'érosion de la prépondérance industrielle des États-Unis et l'affaiblissement du dollar. L'attachement de Nixon à la croissance par l'exportation découle de sa volonté d'attacher au parti républicain les Blancs du Sud et les ouvriers syndiqués. L'unilatéralisme de cette politique a souvent été relevé, mais il faut en signaler également le libéralisme extrême. Nixon entend faciliter à la fois les exportations de produits et celles de capitaux. En outre, il refuse que l'État fédéral prenne la responsabilité d'aider les entreprises anciennes à se restructurer. Cette politique sera poursuivie, pour l'essentiel, sous Ford et Carter. Dans ces conditions, ce sont les pics protecteurs du tarif douanier américain qui tiennent lieu de politique industrielle. Comme cette barrière reste élevée, mais tout de même pas infranchissable, la levée des entraves aux mouvements internationaux de capitaux, jointe aux encouragements à la conquête des marchés extérieurs, a surtout eu pour effet d'inciter les entreprises américaines à s'implanter à l'étranger, en contradiction avec l'objectif affiché d'augmentation des exportations. [eng] Abstract This paper assesses policies of export-led growth, during a period marked by US industrial decline and a weakening dollar. According to Nixon, export-led growth might bring blue-collar votes to the Republican party. The unilateralist features of this policy, which was carried on under Ford and Carter, are well known, but its laissez-faire inspiration should also be noticed. US policymakers aimed at boosting exports of capital as well as of goods, and let older industries to their own devices to refurbish their plants, lacking any industrial policy, peaks in the US tariffs bought the time necessary for older industries to adjust. Since US tariffs are high, but not extremely so, the end-effect of this policy was to ease the migration of American industries abroad, whereas it aimed at boosting exports.

Suggested Citation

  • Laurent Cesari, 2003. "L'unilatéralisme libéral de Nixon à Carter," Histoire, économie & société, Programme National Persée, vol. 22(1), pages 71-86.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:hiseco:hes_0752-5702_2003_num_22_1_2285
    DOI: 10.3406/hes.2003.2285
    Note: DOI:10.3406/hes.2003.2285
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