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La gendarmerie, police judiciaire au XIXe siècle

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  • Jean-Claude Farcy

Abstract

[eng] Abstract The police force is, in France ofthexixth century, the main instrument of the Criminal Investigation Department While the statutory texts reserve this mission to the officers, in the practice leaders of brigade and simple policemen notice the malpractices, carry out the first acts of information and supply the information asked by the public prosecutor's department (unofficial inquiries). The comparison waited with the police should take into account the différence of springs and avoid focusing on the resolution of the making criminal cases her «one» of newspapers. Privileging the arrests of tramps and foreign to the village, having a good knowledge of the environment favored by a rural recruitment, the police force became a force of Criminal Investigation Department of nearness adapted well to the rural world. Gradually the image of the policeman improved in campaigns: perceived at first as agent of the predatory and coercive State, he became the guarantee of the order and the representative of a law which is the same for all. This article sketchs research tracks to seize, in history of the Criminal Investigation Department in the French campaigns, the evolution of the dialectic connections between texts, representations and practices. [fre] Résumé La gendarmerie est, dans la France du XIXe siècle, le principal instrument de la police judiciaire. Alors que les textes réglementaires réservent cette mission aux officiers, dans la pratique chefs de brigade et simples gendarmes constatent les infractions, accomplissent les premiers actes d'information et fournissent les renseignements demandés par le parquet (enquêtes officieuses). La comparaison attendue avec la police doit prendre en compte la différence des ressorts et éviter de se focaliser sur la résolution des affaires criminelles faisant la « une» des journaux. Privilégiant les arrestations de vagabonds et étrangers au village, ayant une bonne connaissance du milieu favorisée par un recrutement rural, la gendarmerie est devenue une force de police judiciaire de proximité bien adaptée au monde rural. Progressivement l'image du gendarme s'est améliorée dans les campagnes : perçu d'abord comme agent de l'État prédateur et coercitif, il est devenu le garant de l'ordre et le représentant d'une loi qui est la même pour tous. Cet article esquisse des pistes de recherche pour saisir, en matière d'histoire de la police judiciaire dans les campagnes françaises, l'évolution de la dialectique des rapports entre textes, représentations et pratiques.

Suggested Citation

  • Jean-Claude Farcy, 2001. "La gendarmerie, police judiciaire au XIXe siècle," Histoire, économie & société, Programme National Persée, vol. 20(3), pages 385-403.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:hiseco:hes_0752-5702_2001_num_20_3_2234
    DOI: 10.3406/hes.2001.2234
    Note: DOI:10.3406/hes.2001.2234
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