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L'agriculture en Angleterre et en France de 1600 à 1800 : contacts, coïncidences et comparaisons

Author

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  • Joan Thirsk
  • Maïca Sanconie

Abstract

[fre] Résumé Au cours de la période 1600-1800, des contacts importants se nouèrent entre la France et l'Angleterre et eurent une influence considérable sur l'agriculture dans les deux pays. La communauté des expériences n'est d'ailleurs pas surprenante car la France et l'Angleterre furent toutes les deux soumises aux tendances économiques qui affectèrent l'ensemble de l'Europe, lorsque les prix des grains montèrent à cause de l'essor démographique, puis tombèrent quand la production augmenta et enfin montèrent à nouveau lorsque repartit la croissance démographique. Cet article s'intéresse particulièrement aux similitudes dans les stratégies des fermiers qui se lancèrent dans des cultures de substitution pour diversifier leurs ressources par rapport aux grains et à la viande. Ils se tournèrent vers la production de plantes tinctoriales, de houblon, de lin, d'herbes artificielles, de légumes, de fruits, de produits laitiers, de volailles destinées à être commercialisées, de lapins ou de poissons d'eau douce. Prises à l'échelle des régions, ces cultures de substitution ont joué un rôle important à la fin du XVIIe siècle et au début du XVIIIe siècle jusqu'à ce que les productions de grains et de viande ne viennent à nouveau dominer le marché après 1750. C'est donc un cycle de changements qualitatifs dans les stratégies des fermiers qui est ici exploré; il montre des coïncidences dans les expériences de deux pays qui ne sont pas accidentelles mais qui prouvent au contraire à quel point ils ont appris l'un de l'autre. [eng] Abstract During the period 1600-1800 some important contacts were established between France and England, which had considerable influence on the agriculture of both countries. Their similar experiences are not surprising since France and England were subject to economic influences that effected the whole of western Europe, when grain prices at first rose because of population pressure, then fell as production was increased, and then rose again following renewed population growth. This essay pays particular attention to farmers' similar strategies in seeking out alternative enterprises to supplement their livelihood from grain and meat. They turned to the production of dye plants, hops, oilseed rape, artificial grasses, vegetables, fruit, dairy foods, commercial poultry, rabbits, and freshwater fish. Regionally considered, these alternatives played an important role in the later seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries until cereal and meat production returned to dominate the scene after с. 1750. A cycle of qualitative changes in farmers' objectives is thus explored which shows coincidences in the experience of the two countries that are not accidental; and they demonstrate how both countries learned from each other.

Suggested Citation

  • Joan Thirsk & Maïca Sanconie, 1999. "L'agriculture en Angleterre et en France de 1600 à 1800 : contacts, coïncidences et comparaisons," Histoire, économie & société, Programme National Persée, vol. 18(1), pages 5-24.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:hiseco:hes_0752-5702_1999_num_18_1_2014
    DOI: 10.3406/hes.1999.2014
    Note: DOI:10.3406/hes.1999.2014
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