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Écologie et histoire en Afrique noire

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  • Catherine Coquery-Vidrovitch

Abstract

[eng] Abstract The first question is to know whether or not a history of the environment is possible, when one knows how poor may be the possible sources. A history of rainfalls is a key question for African history. It now exists, including the precolonial era. From the sixteenth century onwards, we know, as well in the Western Sudan as in coastal Angola or in Ethiopia how and when droughts and famines occurred. Nevertheless, precisions grow better and better from the nineteenth century. For the twentieth century, oral inquiries may prove quite useful. History is not predetermined, and in spite of a vulnerable climate, African societies knew, according to their abilities, how to adapt to natural challenges. But a series of factors made things more and more difficult since modern times. The coeval occurrence of long dry periods of time - which was not an innovation - with a dramatic recent population boom — which is quite a new trend - may for the first time result into non reversable ecological change. [fre] Résumé L'article s'interroge d'abord sur la faisabilité d'une histoire de l'environnement, compte tenu de la rareté des sources. L'histoire de la pluviométrie, élément clef du climat en Afrique noire, a été tentée y compris pour la période précoloniale. On repère ainsi, dans le Sahel occidental mais aussi sur la côte angolaise ou en Ethiopie, la succession des sécheresses et des famines depuis le XVIe siècle. Mais nos données deviennent nettement plus serrées à partir du XIXe siècle. Au XXe siècle, les enquêtes orales offrent des précisions utiles. Il n'y a pas de déterminisme en histoire et, malgré des conditions climatiques difficiles, les sociétés africaines ont su répondre, à leur manière, aux défis de la nature. Mais les facteurs d'aggravation se sont démultipliés depuis l'époque contemporaine. La conjonction de périodes longues de sécheresse - ce qui n'est pas nouveau - et d'une expansion démographique en revanche sans précédent risque, pour la première fois dans l'histoire, d'avoir des effets irréversibles.

Suggested Citation

  • Catherine Coquery-Vidrovitch, 1997. "Écologie et histoire en Afrique noire," Histoire, économie & société, Programme National Persée, vol. 16(3), pages 483-504.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:hiseco:hes_0752-5702_1997_num_16_3_1960
    DOI: 10.3406/hes.1997.1960
    Note: DOI:10.3406/hes.1997.1960
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