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Les banques et l'effondrement du Mark : la situation du système bancaire en Allemagne de 1918 à 1923

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  • Harald Wixforth

Abstract

[fre] Résumé Les difficultés d'accès aux archives bancaires expliquent pourquoi si peu d'auteurs ont osé s'attaquer à la question primordiale du rôle des banques allemandes pendant la période de méga-inflation de 1920 à 1923. La documentation récente s'accumule cependant, et il est désormais possible de mieux cerner les problèmes. Nul doute désormais que l'inflation d'après guerre trouve sa racine première dans les procédés de financement du coût de la Première Guerre mondiale. Mais la raison principale de la « médiocre » performance des grandes banques allemandes entre 1920 et 1923 réside dans la prise de conscience très tardive de la valeur illusoire des énormes bénéfices réalisés en papier-monnaie. Quelques moyens de lutte ont été efficaces, en particulier la concentration et l'absorption de banques régionales et moyennes provinciales par les grandes banques berlinoises. Le secours suprême a cependant résidé dans le réinvestissement massif et rapide des Marks-papier en avoirs « réels » : devises étrangères, placement dans des banques étrangères, acquisition d'actions de grandes sociétés industrielles solides, placements en effets non sujets à l'inflation (immeubles, etc.) de manière à maintenir, voire à augmenter le capital. Il en résulte une situation très contrastée : indépendance paradoxale des grandes industries profitant de la dévaluation pour autofinancer (ou avec des emprunts étrangers) leurs investissements ; inégalité extrême entre les résultats (pour autant qu'on puisse les entrevoir) entre banques, ce en fonction de la prise de conscience plus ou moins précoce ou tardive du fonctionnement comme des conséquences de la méga-inflation. [eng] Abstract For a long time research in baking history has pointed out that the German banks were among the loosers of the post-war inflation. Comparing the balance sheets of 1913 and these of 1924 (Goldmakerqffhungsbilanzen) it becomes quite obvious that the banks were faced with subsantial loses of their financial assets. But the most of the studies in banking history for a long time neglected the problem when the greater part of these loses occured. A detailed analysis of the balance sheets of the German banks form 1914 until 1923 reveal clearly the fact, that the greater percentage of the banks loses happened during World War I, when the mainsprings and causes of inflation didnot became obvious. Shortly after the War the banks changed their bussiness policies and their entrepreneurial strategies what can be seen as an indicator that the managers of the banks had become aware of the dangers of inflation. The most important entrepreneurial goal of the management boards of the banks became regaining a solid basis and turning the loses into new assets. The balance sheets of 1924 show clearly that the banks were successful in diminshing their loses and in regaining a new financial basis as a result of their new business policies. So the often heard criticism that the banks changed too late their business policies and they didnot pursue business strategies adaquate to the inflationary period seems not to be justified.

Suggested Citation

  • Harald Wixforth, 1996. "Les banques et l'effondrement du Mark : la situation du système bancaire en Allemagne de 1918 à 1923," Histoire, économie & société, Programme National Persée, vol. 15(3), pages 467-503.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:hiseco:hes_0752-5702_1996_num_15_3_1885
    DOI: 10.3406/hes.1996.1885
    Note: DOI:10.3406/hes.1996.1885
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