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La France et les bouleversements en Europe, 1989-1991, ou le poids de l'idéologie

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  • Georges-Henri Soutou

Abstract

[fre] Résumé La réaction du gouvernement français face aux événements d'Allemagne et d'Europe orientale en 1989-1991, trop souvent décrite comme une simple incompréhension des réalités nouvelles, apparaît plus cohérente si on la replace à la fois dans une tendance fréquente de la politique française depuis 1945, et dans le contexte idéologique particulier des dirigeants français depuis 1981. En effet, chercher à s'appuyer sur l'URSS pour contrebalancer le poids de l'Allemagne et celui des Etats-Unis est un réflexe fréquent à Paris depuis 1945 ; mais entre 1981 et 1985 le Président de la République estimait qu'une telle politique n'était pas possible avec une URSS restée brejnévienne. En revanche, à partir de 1985, l'arrivée de Gorbatchev paraissait annoncer une réforme du communisme soviétique permettant d'envisager une reconstruction de toute l'Europe dans le cadre d'un rapprochement entre une sociale- démocratie revitalisée par l'expérience française et un communisme démocratisé. Dans cette reconstruction Paris et Moscou se seraient mutuellement épaulés pour contrôler les modalités et le rythme de la réunification allemande. Dans cette perspective politique et idéologique l'action de la France dans la période 1989-1991 apparaît, malgré son échec évident, plus cohérente qu'on ne l'admet souvent. [eng] Abstract The French government's reaction to the events in Germany and Eastern Europe in 1989-91 are too often seen only as a misunderstanding of new realities. It appears more coherent when put back within the framework of a frequent trend in French policy since 1945, and of the particular ideology of the men who had ruled France since 1981. A recurrent reflex in Paris since 1945 has been to use the U.S.S.R. in order to balance German and American power, but from 1981 to 1985 President Mitterand thought that such a policy was unpractical, as the U.S.S.R. remained under Brejnev's spell. On the other hand, from 1985 onwards, the advent of Gorbatchev was seen to announce a reform of Soviet communism, thanks to which one could contemplate a complete reconstruction of Europe, through a rapprochement between social democracy, which the French experience would have revived, and democratized communism. In this reconstruction, Paris and Moscow would have cooperated to control the conditions and the tempo of German reunification. From this political and ideological point of view, French policy, during 1989-91, appears — despite its blatant failure — as more coherent than is often thought.

Suggested Citation

  • Georges-Henri Soutou, 1994. "La France et les bouleversements en Europe, 1989-1991, ou le poids de l'idéologie," Histoire, économie & société, Programme National Persée, vol. 13(1), pages 199-213.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:hiseco:hes_0752-5702_1994_num_13_1_1742
    DOI: 10.3406/hes.1994.1742
    Note: DOI:10.3406/hes.1994.1742
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