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La crise des missiles cubains

Author

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  • Alistair Horne

Abstract

[fre] Résumé Cet article est centré sur le danger pour la paix des «erreurs de jugement», qui ont eu des conséquences fatales en 1914 et 1939. Il aurait pu en être de même dans la crise de 1962, mais les deux parties eurent assez d'intelligence pour s'arrêter au bord du gouffre. Il est aussi centré sur le rôle du Premier Ministre H. Macmillan, qui eut des conversations téléphoniques quotidiennes avec J.F. Kennedy et dont les archives personnelles sont largement utilisées. Il commence par le rappel de la tension entre Occidentaux et Soviétiques à propos de Berlin, qui s'aggrava de 1958 à la construction du Mur en août 1961. Ensuite Krouchtchev recula sur Berlin, mais en avril 1962, il décida, pour des raisons encore obscures, d'installer des fusées à Cuba. Quand les Américains les découvrirent en octobre, Kennedy décida de suite d'en exiger le retrait, et une situation très dangereuse prévalut du 21 au 28 octobre 1962. Finalement l'URSS fit marche arrière et le danger d'escalade disparut. Le rôle d'H. Macmillan dans cette crise est analysé de près, mais il semble qu'il ne doive pas être surestimé. Les séquelles de la crise sont enfin discutées : elles peuvent comporter un renouveau de détente des relations Est-Ouest, notamment en matière nucléaire. [eng] Abstract This article is centered upon the dangers of war through miscalculations, which had fatal consequences in 1914 and 1939. This could have happened again during the 1962 crisis, but both sides were intelligent enough to step back from the brink. The study is also centered upon the role of Prime Minister H. Macmillan, who talked daily on the telephone with President Kennedy, and whose private papers have been largely used. It starts by recalling the growing tension between the USSR and the West about Berlin, from 1958 onwards, and which culminated in the building of the Wall in august 1961. Afterwards Krouchtchev retreated on Berlin, but in april 1962, for reasons which remain obscure, he decided to install missiles in Cuba. When they were discovered by American intelligence, Kennedy decided at once to demand their withdrawal, and a most dangerous situation existed from 21 to 28 October. Eventually, the USSR fell back and the danger of escalation vanished. The role of H. Macmillan in the crisis is carefully analyzed, but it appears that it must not be overestimated. The after-effects of the crisis are also discussed : they might include renewed detente in East-West relations, specially in nuclear affairs.

Suggested Citation

  • Alistair Horne, 1994. "La crise des missiles cubains," Histoire, économie & société, Programme National Persée, vol. 13(1), pages 171-184.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:hiseco:hes_0752-5702_1994_num_13_1_1739
    DOI: 10.3406/hes.1994.1739
    Note: DOI:10.3406/hes.1994.1739
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