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La Royal Navy et les levées d'hommes aux Antilles (1689-1763) : difficultés rencontrées et modalités évolutives

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  • Christian Buchet

Abstract

[eng] Abstract Since Britain was not up to sending extra strengh to the Islands in order to make up for its appalling losses due not only to the death rate but also to desertion, which was particularly widespread on the british side, all the men had to be called upon on the spot. The extent of the impressment confronted with the small number of the population in the English colonies and to the concurrent needs in sailors of the traders and of privateers made the requirement of the squadron commanders extremely hard to meet. Men impressment, which had first been done quite freely by the Navy, resulted in a spectacular decrease of the population in the English bases of the Catibbean space which seriously weakened their defensive and commercial system. The English colonies then gradually obtained the forbidding of such a practice which had deplorable consequences (a good many units not being operational despite many makeshifts). Both those difficulties and the necessity of conquest operations in the Caribbean zone urged the two parties to look for compromises ; howewer no satisfactory balance was to be found. In the last years of the Seven Years' War, the issue was only bypassed by turning to the human potential of New England, thus widely contributing toward then the success of the conquest expeditions undertaken by England. [fre] Résumé La métropole n'étant pas en mesure d'envoyer des effectifs supplémentaires aux Iles pour compenser ses effroyables pertes dues tant à la mortalité qu'à la désertion, phénomène particulièrement marqué du côté britannique, tous les hommes devaient être requis sur place. L'ampleur des levées à effectuer, confrontée à la faiblesse démographique des possessions anglaises, aux besoins concurrents en marins des marchands et des corsaires rendit cette exigence des chefs d'escadre extrêmement difficile à satisfaire. En effet, les levées d'hommes opérées tout à fait librement dans un premier temps par la marine aboutirent à une chute spectaculaire de la population des bases anglaises de l'espace caraïbe qui affaiblit gravement leur système défensif et commercial. Les colonies anglaises obtinrent alors progressivement l'interdiction de cette pratique, ce qui eut pour la marine des conséquences tout aussi déplorables (bon nombre d'unités, malgré le recours à de multiples expédients, ne purent être opérationnelles). Ces difficultés jointes à la nécessité de mener des opérations de conquête dans la zone caraïbe incitèrent, dans un troisième temps, les deux partis à chercher des compromis ; cependant aucun équilibre satisfaisant ne peut être établi. Le problème fut seulement contourné dans les dernières années de la guerre de Sept-Ans par le recours au potentiel humain de la Nouvelle-Angleterre, contribuant ainsi largement aux succès des expéditions de conquête qu'entreprit alors l'Angleterre.

Suggested Citation

  • Christian Buchet, 1990. "La Royal Navy et les levées d'hommes aux Antilles (1689-1763) : difficultés rencontrées et modalités évolutives," Histoire, économie & société, Programme National Persée, vol. 9(4), pages 521-543.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:hiseco:hes_0752-5702_1990_num_9_4_1558
    DOI: 10.3406/hes.1990.1558
    Note: DOI:10.3406/hes.1990.1558
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