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Angleterre-Brésil, 1697-1850 : Un siècle et demi d'échanges commerciaux

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  • François Crouzet

Abstract

[eng] Abstract This paper surveys the main fluctuations of «trade» between Britain and Brazil from c.1700 to с 1850; trade with a qualification, because, up to 1807, it had to pass through Portugal (so that its measurement is difficult). Exports of English goods to Brazil expanded greatly and were on a large scale up to the 1750's ; then they markedly fell back (but they had a recovery in the 1790's). The cause was the growth and decline of gold production in Brazil, which was used to pay the visible trade deficit of Brazil + Portugal with England. After the French invasion of Portugal and the opening of Brazilian ports to foreigners, direct trade between Britain and Brazil became markedly larger than the circuitous commerce of the colonial period, but it did not increase very much after the end of the Napoleonic wars (at least at current prices), because Brazil had a narrow home market and lacked external purchasing power. The Brazilian market was important for the English wool industry during the first half of the 18th century ; and the large imports of Brazilian gold contributed to easy credit conditions in England. However, the role of trade with Brazil as a factor of the Industrial Revolution was quite peripherical. Conversely, British pre-eminence in Brazil did not cripple its economic development. [fre] Résumé Cet article esquisse l'évolution du «commerce» entre la Grande-Bretagne et le Brésil du début du XVIIIe siècle au milieu du XIXe ; commerce entre guillemets parce que, jusqu'en 1807, il transitait par l'intermédiaire du Portugal, ce qui rend incertaine la quantification. Les expéditions de marchandises anglaises au Brésil ont beaucoup progressé et ont été considérables jusqu'aux années 1750, mais elles ont ensuite sensiblement reculé (avant de remonter un peu à la fin du siècle). Ce mouvement était fonction de la production d'or au Brésil, laquelle couvrait le déficit du trafic visible de l'ensemble Brésil- Portugal avec l'Angleterre. Après l'invasion du Portugal par les Français et l'ouverture des ports brésiliens aux étrangers, le commerce direct entre l'Angleterre et le Brésil s'est établi à un niveau nettement supérieur à celui du trafic indirect de l'époque coloniale ; mais il n'a guère progressé après la fin des guerres, au moins en valeur, en raison de l'étroitesse du marché brésilien et d'un pouvoir d'achat extérieur limité. Le débouché brésilien a été important pour l'industrie anglaise de la laine pendant la première moitié du XVIIIe siècle et l'afflux d'or brésilien a été facteur d'aisance monétaire. Mais le rôle du Brésil dans la Révolution industrielle a été tout à fait périphérique ; inversement, ce ne fut pas la «prééminence» anglaise au Brésil qui paralysa le développement de ce pays.

Suggested Citation

  • François Crouzet, 1990. "Angleterre-Brésil, 1697-1850 : Un siècle et demi d'échanges commerciaux," Histoire, économie & société, Programme National Persée, vol. 9(2), pages 287-317.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:hiseco:hes_0752-5702_1990_num_9_2_2384
    DOI: 10.3406/hes.1990.2384
    Note: DOI:10.3406/hes.1990.2384
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