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Les paradoxes du développement industriel des colonies françaises des Caraïbes pendant la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle, perspectives comparatives

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  • Nelly Schmidt

Abstract

[fre] Résumé : Cette communication aborde le processus de développement industriel dans les colonies françaises des Caraïbes pendant les premières décennies post-esclavagistes, dans la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle. Il s'agit dans un premier temps d'un bilan des paradoxes apparus dès le début du mouvement d'investissements et de construction d'usines sucrières, les «grandes centrales», de concentration des terres et d'introduction de compléments de main ď œuvre peu rémunérée. Outre le développement de la production européenne de sucre de betterave, contradiction essentielle - et relativement bien connue - à celle du sucre de canne, l'examen des conséquences économiques et sociales du développement industriel dans ces colonies fait apparaître ses premiers et très précoces échecs. Contrairement à une historiographie souvent simplificatrice, les contemporains eux-mêmes déplorèrent les contradictions inhérentes au processus entre les années 1860 et la première crise de surproduction de 1884- 1885 : mesures générales de contrôle social, réglementation du travail, conditions des immigrations, exclusion progressive des ex-esclaves du marché du travail, caractère artificiel et fragile du maintien de la monoculture sucrière. Cet examen synthétique des principaux paradoxes liés à la volonté d'industrialisation dans les colonies est situé dans une perspective comparative par rapport à Cuba et aux colonies britanniques des Caraïbes. [eng] Abstract : This paper deals with the process of industrial development in the french colonies in the Caribbean area during the post-slavery period. The matter is to consider the first paradoxes appeared at the beginning of the investment-, sugar industrial and land concentration movement (the «grandes centrales») and with the introduction of indentured labourers. Beyond the development of beetsugar production in Europe, main contradiction which is now well known, the analysis of the economic and social consequences of the industrial development in those colonies shows its first and precocious failures. Contrary to a simplifying historiography, contemporaries themselves deplored the inherent contradictions of the process, between the 1860s and the first overproduction crisis in 1884-1885 : general measures of social control, labour regulation, conditions of indentured immigrations, progressive exclusion of the ex-slaves from the labour market, weakness of the sugar monoculture. This synthetical analysis of the main paradoxes linked with the will to develop industrialization in those colonies is situated in a comparative perspective in connection with Cuba and the British West Indies.

Suggested Citation

  • Nelly Schmidt, 1989. "Les paradoxes du développement industriel des colonies françaises des Caraïbes pendant la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle, perspectives comparatives," Histoire, économie & société, Programme National Persée, vol. 8(3), pages 313-333.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:hiseco:hes_0752-5702_1989_num_8_3_1529
    DOI: 10.3406/hes.1989.1529
    Note: DOI:10.3406/hes.1989.1529
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