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Variation sur l'esprit de défense

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  • Fernand Gambiez

Abstract

[fre] Résumé L'auteur oppose deux revues de l'armée française à Longchamp : en juin 1867, à l'occasion de l'Exposition universelle et en juin 1871, après la défaite et la Commune. En apparence, la présentation fut aussi brillante, mais l'esprit était différent, car les points de vue de la nation et de l'armée avaient changé. En 1867, le décor cache une armée en crise. Les effectifs sont insuffisants, parce que l'opinion refuse la conscription. L'organisation est nulle, l'État-Major n'existe pas, rien n'est prévu en cas de mobilisation. Le commandement est médiocre, les généraux sont de braves capitaines, qui méprisent la technique et les leçons des guerres récentes (Etats-Unis, Allemagne). L'artillerie est obsolète, on ne sait pas utiliser la cavalerie. La loi Niel de 1868 s'est heurtée à l'opposition des cadres de l'armée, de la bourgeoisie, du parti républicain (M. Thiers, Jules Simon, Gambetta, etc.). L'Empereur, clairvoyant, n'a pas l'autorité pour imposer la réforme et l'armée croit qu'elle est là meilleure du monde... Les officiers lucides (Général Ducrot, Strasbourg) ne sont pas écoutés. L'auteur rappelle les principales étapes de la défaite et souligne le retournement des républicains, qui ne peuvent gagner la guerre malgré le courage des soldats. La revue de 1871 traduit l'espoir de la revanche, mais aussi la volonté du gouvernement, qui imposa les réformes nécessaires. La défaite de l'été 1870 avait réveillé l'esprit de défense nationale. L'auteur, en conclusion, insiste sur l'importance de l'esprit de défense et de la conscription, seules sauvegardes de la liberté et de l'indépendance nationale. [eng] Abstract General Gambiez describes two reviews of the French forces at Longchamps (horseraces'field in Paris) : in June 1867, for the World Exhibition and in June 1871, after the lost war and the upheaval of Paris. The performance was in both cases quite brilliant, the spirit totally different, because the mentality of nation and army was radically transformed after the defeat of Summer 1870. In 1867 the scenery overshadowed an army in crisis. Troops are insufficient, because public opinion does not agree with the introduction of conscription. Management-» bad, general staff does not eventually exist and there is no scheme for mobilization. The generality consists of gallant captains, who despise everything dealing with technical datas ; they did not draw lessons from contemporary warfare (United States, Germany). Artillery is obsolete and cavalry has no instructions for wartime. The reform law of General Niel (1868) met with the opposition of military establishment, borgeoisie and republican party (Mr Thiers, Jules Simon, Gambetta, etc.). The Emperor, even conscious of the danger, was not able to transform the army, who is convinced of her superiority over all existing forces... The officers claiming for a change (e.g. General Ducrot, Strasbourg) have no audience by their comrades. General Gambiez analyses the main battles of French-Prussian war and emphasises the positive evolution of the republicans, now in charge of the government : they could not win the war, in spite of the gallantry of French Soldiers. The meeting of 1871 epitomizes the hope of « revanche » and the goodwill of the new government, which passes the necessary reform bills (e.g. conscription). The disaster of Summer 1870 waked up the spirit of defense, the only safeguard for liberty and indépendance of any nation.

Suggested Citation

  • Fernand Gambiez, 1988. "Variation sur l'esprit de défense," Histoire, économie & société, Programme National Persée, vol. 7(3), pages 381-397.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:hiseco:hes_0752-5702_1988_num_7_3_2358
    DOI: 10.3406/hes.1988.2358
    Note: DOI:10.3406/hes.1988.2358
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