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Remarques sur la formation d'une économie mondiale

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  • François Crouzet

Abstract

[fre] Résumé Cet article discute un ensemble d'études présentées au Congrès international d'histoire économique de Berne (août 1986). L'économie mondiale est définie comme le réseau de marchés, dispersés à travers le monde, qui sont intégrés les uns aux autres, entre lesquels il y a cohérence des prix. Certains auteurs soutiennent qu'une économie mondiale s'est formée, assez soudainement, dans la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle. En fait, des marchés mondiaux intégrés sont apparus, les uns après les autres, pour un certain nombre de denrées, depuis la fin du Moyen Age, et il existait une économie mondiale au XVIIIe siècle. Le développement spectaculaire après 1850 fut l'essor des trafics intercontinentaux de produits primaires, et notamment de quelques denrées alimentaires de climats tempérés - surtout le blé ; mais il ne faut pas surestimer les conséquences de ce phénomène pour les économies des « vieux pays ». De plus, divers développements dans le sens d'une intégration accrue sont intervenus relativement tard, à l'extrême fin du XIXe siècle, voire au début du XXe, quand les marchés mondiaux tels que nous les connaissons ont émergé ; mais en 1914 encore, de vastes régions restaient en dehors de l'économie mondiale. Les innovations technologiques en matière de transports et de communications ont joué un rôle capital dans l'intégration des marchés, mais la baisse des coûts de transaction a été un phénomène de longue durée, et la révolution des transports maritimes n'est pas le seul facteur à considérer. Au total, cet article plaide en faveur du gradualisme : la formation de l'économie mondiale a été un processus lent et progressif — mais aussi saccadé. [eng] Abstract This is a discussion of papers which were prepared for the 9th International Congress of Economic History (Bern, august 1986). The world economy is defined as the network of markets, scattered all over the world, which are integrated, i.e. between which there is coherence of prices. Some writers maintain that a genuine world economy only emerged, rather suddenly, during the second half of the 19th century. Actually, a number of integrated world markets had emerged, for various commodities, from the late Middle Ages onward, and a world economy of a sort was in existence in the 18th cent. The most spectacular development to take place after 1850 was the rise of intercontinental trade in primary products, specially in some « temperate » foodstuffs, of which wheat was the most important ; but the consequences for the European economies must not be over-estimated. Moreover, some advances towards greater integration were only achieved at the very end of the 19th cent, and at the beginning of the 20th. ; still, by 1914, large areas remained outside the world economy. Technological innovations in transport and communication played a crucial rôle in markets integration, but the fall in transaction costs was a long term process and the revolution in oceanic transportation was only one of the factors at work. Overall this is a plea in favour or gradualism : the emergence of the world economy was a slow and progressive, but rather jerky process.

Suggested Citation

  • François Crouzet, 1986. "Remarques sur la formation d'une économie mondiale," Histoire, économie & société, Programme National Persée, vol. 5(4), pages 611-625.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:hiseco:hes_0752-5702_1986_num_5_4_2351
    DOI: 10.3406/hes.1986.2351
    Note: DOI:10.3406/hes.1986.2351
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