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Adam Smith's Politique Coloniale

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  • Donald Winch

Abstract

[fre] Cet article traite de l'analyse et des opinions d'Adam Smith concernant la politique coloniale britannique pendant la révolution américaine et ses suites immédiates. Smith s'opposait, bien entendu, aux fins et aux méthodes mer- cantilistes de contrôle du commerce colonial. Il insistait également sur la charge fiscale qu'imposaient à la Grande Bretagne tant la dette publique que les coûts militaires et civils imputables à la conservation d'un empire. Cependant, à la différence de nombre de ses contemporains, Smith ne considérait pas que la perte de l'empire soit désavantageuse, tant d'un point de vue économique que politique. Ses propositions « utopiques » d'une fédération impériale étaient destinées à souligner que le seul type d'empire qui puisse se justifier était celui où, à la fois, le libre échange et l'harmonisation fiscale étaient réalisés. Si Smith partageait avec T. Paine une vision optimiste des perspectives économiques américaines, il se refusait à établir une relation radicale entre le républicanisme et les performances économiques. En outre il n'éprouvait aucune sympathie pour les revendications des constituants coloniaux et les conceptions néo-lockiennes du contrat et des droits à la résistance sur lesquelles elles étaient fondées. Ceci explique qu'il n'existe pas de bases historiques qui permettent de faire de Smith un père fondateur honoraire de l'interprétation « bourgeoise » ou « libérale » de l'identité nationale américaine. [eng] The paper deals with Adam Smith's analysis of and opinions on British colonial policy during the American revolution and its immediate aftermath. Smith was, of course, an opponent of mercantile aims and methods of regu- lating colonial trade. He was equally concerned with the fiscal burdens imposed on Britain by rising public debt and the civil and military costs of maintaining an empire. Unlike many of his contemporaries, therefore, Smith did not regard the loss of empire as disadvantageous from an economic or political perspective ; his « Utopian » proposals for an imperial federation were designed to emphasise to only kinf of empire that could be justified, namely one in which both free trade and fiscal harmonization were achieved. Although Smith's opinions on American economic prospects were as optimistic as thore of Thomas Paine, he refused to make the radical connnection between républicanisme and economic performance and was unsympathetic to colonial constitutional complaints and the neo-Lockean ideas on contract and rights of resistance upon which they were based. Hence the lack of histo- rial basis for those attempts to make Smith an honorary founding father of a « bourgeois » or « liberal » integration of the American national identity.

Suggested Citation

  • Donald Winch, 1996. "Adam Smith's Politique Coloniale," Cahiers d'Économie Politique, Programme National Persée, vol. 27(1), pages 39-55.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:caecpo:cep_0154-8344_1996_num_27_1_1194
    DOI: 10.3406/cep.1996.1194
    Note: DOI:10.3406/cep.1996.1194
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