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Sur la capacité de la raison à discerner rationalité substantive et rationalité procédurale

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  • Jean-Louis Le Moigne

Abstract

[fre] "L'Economie progressera avec l'approfondissement de notre compréhension des processus de pensée humaine. Et l'économie changera lorsque les hommes et les sociétés humaines amélioreront leurs outils de pensée pour élaborer leurs décisions et concevoir leurs institutions. Uin corps de théorie pour la rationalité procédurale est compatible avec un monde dans lequel les humains continueront à penser et à inventer. Une théorie de la rationalité substantive ne l'est pas. " (H. A. Simon, "From Substantive to Procedural Rationality", 1976). Une conclusion aussi forte ne mérite-t-elle pas d'être réfléchie et discutée, en particulier par les sciences économiques auxquelles elle fut initialement adressée ? En reprenant quelques unes des grandes étapes de l'histoire du concept de Rationalité dans la pensée scientifique (les pré-socratiques et Aristote, R. Descartes et G.B. Vico, G. Boole et J.B. Grize...), on se propose d'argumenter la légitimité et la portée de la distinction proposée par H. A. Simon entre les deux formes de rationalité, " Substantive " et "Procédurale". On montre que la première rend compte des formes de raisonnements déductifs ou syllogistiques exprimés aujourd'hui par "les logiques formelles" et toutes fondées sur les trois axiomes du syllogisme établis par Aristote (la plupart confondant en outre la Négation formelle et la Contradiction signifiante) ; et que la seconde rend compte des formes de raisonnements dialectiques ou rhétoriques, exprimés aujourd'hui par "les logiques naturelles" et fondés sur des hypothèses de plausibilité et de faisabilité conjonctives et téléologiques. Les conséquences de cette distinction pour la modélisation des systèmes complexes et des projets d'intervention dans les systèmes complexes sont succinctement évoquées. [eng] "Economies will progress as we deepen our understanding of human thought processes ; and economics will change as human individuals and human societies use progressively sharpened tools of thought in making their decisions and designing their institutions . A body of theory for procedural rationality is consistent with a word in which human beings continue to think and continue to invent ; a theory of substantive rationality is not" (HA. Simon, 1976, p, 146). Has'nt this strong conclusion of HA. SIMON to be seriously examined and discussed, particularly try Economics sciences ? Considering some of the main stages of the history of the concept of Rationality in the scientific thought, (Pre- socratics and Aristotle, R. Descartes and G.B. Vico, G. Boole and f.B. Grize...), the legitimity and the scope of the distinction proposed by HA. Simon between the two forms of rationality, "Substantive" and "Procédurale" are argumented. It is shown that the first one gives account of the deductive or syllogistic forms of reasoning as express today by the "formal logics", (based on the three axioms of syllogism formulated by Aristotle, usually with a confusion between formal Negation and meaningful Contradiction) ; and that the second one take in account the dialectical and rhetorical forms of reasoning, as expressed today by the "natural logics", based on some hypothesis of conjonctive and teleological plausibility and feasibility. The consequences of this distinction for the modeling of complex systems and of design of intervention in complex systems are briefly considered.

Suggested Citation

  • Jean-Louis Le Moigne, 1994. "Sur la capacité de la raison à discerner rationalité substantive et rationalité procédurale," Cahiers d'Économie Politique, Programme National Persée, vol. 24(1), pages 125-159.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:caecpo:cep_0154-8344_1994_num_24_1_1168
    DOI: 10.3406/cep.1994.1168
    Note: DOI:10.3406/cep.1994.1168
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