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L'intérêt limité de l'hypothèse de rationalité individuelle

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  • Carlo Benetti
  • Jean Cartelier

Abstract

[fre] La notion d'individu, de même que la rationalité qui lui est attribuée, ne peut se définir indépendamment de l'organisation des relations dans lequel il s'insère. L'hypothèse de rationalité individuelle se présente sous deux aspects. Dans une première acception, elle s'identifie au calcul de maximisation d'une fonction objectif qui précède logiquement la relation marchande. Cette hypothèse est autant centrale pour l'économie normative que secondaire pour l'économie descriptive ou explicative. Le deuxième sens de l'hypothèse de rationalité individuelle, souvent négligé, concerne les règles (rationnelles) que suivent les individus lorsqu'ils entrent effectivement dans les relations marchandes. La monnaie peut être l'une des règles. . Sa prise en considération au sein d'un modèle orthodoxe de non-tâtonnement conduit à définir un processus de marché original. Une des caractéristiques de ce processus est qu'il est impossible de garantir que la participation de l'individu au marché améliorera son utilité. La conjecture suivante peut alors être avancée : s'il était vrai que le marché soit impensable en dehors de la monnaie, la fiction de la constitution volontaire de la société sur la base d'intérêts individuels serait privée de tout fondement en théorie économique. [eng] Individual rationality cannot be defined independently of the type of social organisation. Two different meanings must be considered. The first, quite usual, is the maximisation of a function under some constraints. It is shown that this hypothesis, crucial for the normative content of general equilibrium theory, is relatively immaterial for its descriptive aspect. The second, often overlooked, concerns the rules under which individuals carry out their transactions. A monetary organisation of markets possibly is one of theses rules. . Introducing a monetary system in current nontâtonnement models of the market entails that an individual cannot be sure that his participation in the market will always improve his situation. If money and market were indissociable, the fiction according to which society results from voluntary actions of rational agents would be deprived of any analytical foundations.

Suggested Citation

  • Carlo Benetti & Jean Cartelier, 1994. "L'intérêt limité de l'hypothèse de rationalité individuelle," Cahiers d'Économie Politique, Programme National Persée, vol. 24(1), pages 19-35.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:caecpo:cep_0154-8344_1994_num_24_1_1164
    DOI: 10.3406/cep.1994.1164
    Note: DOI:10.3406/cep.1994.1164
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    Cited by:

    1. Stéphane Meignel, 1998. "Comportement humain et rationalités dans les pays en développement," Documents de travail 30, Groupe d'Economie du Développement de l'Université Montesquieu Bordeaux IV.

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