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Théorie néo- classique et longue période : Un commentaire

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  • Christian Bidard
  • Bernard Masson

Abstract

[eng] The relationships between the classical and neoclassical theories are much more complex that the neo-Ricardians use to recognize. Sraffa's study is indeed a clever criticism fo some ancient versions of the marginalist theory, such as those developed by Bo'hm-Bawerk or J.B. Clark, but it would be a mistake to identify them with the modem neoclassical theory which is able to consider production as a circular process and is unaffected by the critique of the theory of capital. Moreover the idea that an alternative theory of prices might not rely on any return to scale assumption is wrong. Sraffa's formalisation for prices of production requires constant returns and, as far as activity levels are concerned, the fuzzy notion of long run position must be identified with that of steady state or regular growth path in order to be compatible with the price equations. Under this assumption the prices of production are nothing but the intertemporal equilibrium neoclassical prices (at least for single-product systems, otherwise the "prices of production" do not generally exist). The turnpike theory studies the possible convergence towards such a steady state : if the answer is negative (as it may happen), it is meaningless to study a regular growth path which represents an unstable state of the economy. [fre] Les relations entre les théories classique et néo-classique sont bien plus complexes que les néo-ricardiens ne le reconnaissent d'habitude. L'étude de Sraffa constitue une critique aigùe de certaines versions anciennes de la théorie marginaliste, telles celles de Bôhm-Bawerk ou de J.B. Clark, mais qui ne sauraient être identifiées avec la théorie néo-classique moderne qui est à même d'envisager la production comme un processus circulaire et n'est pas affectée par la critique de la théorie du capital. De plus l'idée qu'il existerait une théorie alternative des prix qui ne ferait pas appel à une hypothèse sur les rendements d'échelle est fausse. La formalisation sraffienne des prix de production exige la constance des rendements et, pour ce qui concerne les niveaux d'activité, la notion floue de position de longue période demande à être identifiée à celle d'état stationnaire ou de sentier de croissance régulière afin d'être compatible avec les équations de prix. Alors les prix de production ne sont autres que les prix néo-classiques d'équilibre intertemporel (au moins en production simple, sinon les « prix de production » n'existent pas. La théorie de l'autoroute étudie l'éventuelle convergence vers un état régulier : si, comme c'est possible, la réponse est négative, l'étude de sentiers de croissance régulière qui correspondent à des positions instables est dénuée de signification économique.

Suggested Citation

  • Christian Bidard & Bernard Masson, 1993. "Théorie néo- classique et longue période : Un commentaire," Cahiers d'Économie Politique, Programme National Persée, vol. 22(1), pages 45-49.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:caecpo:cep_0154-8344_1993_num_22_1_1143
    DOI: 10.3406/cep.1993.1143
    Note: DOI:10.3406/cep.1993.1143
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