Impact of geopolitical risk and economic globalization on Turkey's environmental sustainability using the novel quantile-on-quantile KRLS method

This study investigates the impact of economic globalization, geopolitical risk, and natural resources on carbon emissions (CO2) in Turkey, while controlling for economic development and renewable energy. The study used annual data from 1970 to 2019 using a quantile-on-quantile-based regularized least squares (QQKRLS) approach. The findings of the study confirm a weak positive association between economic globalization and CO2 emissions at low and high quantiles, while this association becomes strong at 0.40 to 0.65 quantiles of both variables. The study also confirms an overall positive association between geopolitical risk and CO2 emissions; however, this correlation becomes stronger at 0.40 to 0.80 quantiles for both variables. In addition, the study also finds overall an inverse relationship between natural resource rents and CO2 emissions, except for extremely low quantiles of both variables, the correlation becomes positive. To strengthen the reliability of our results , the study utilized a non-parametric bivariate \\\"Quantile-on-Quantile Regression (QQR)\\\" method for robustness check. Based on the findings of the study, it is recommended that policymakers encourage green trade practices and promote climate change action initiatives by starting joint clean projects to make this world clean for current and future generations.