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Cross-cultural adaptation, validation, and measurement invariance of the First Aid Willingness Questionnaire (FAWQ) among Turkish adolescents

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  • Harun Özbey
  • Özlem Çalışır
  • Meral Bayat
  • Sultan Beşiktaş
  • Aklilu Abrham Roba

Abstract

Background: This study translated, culturally adapted, and evaluated the First Aid Willingness Questionnaire for Schoolchildren to assess adolescents’ self-reported readiness to help and potential barriers to first-aid provision. Methods: This cross-sectional psychometric study included 470 high school students in Aksaray, Türkiye. The questionnaire underwent forward–backward translation, review by 12 experts, and pilot testing with 35 students. Exploratory factor analysis derived the structure, which was subsequently evaluated via ordinal confirmatory factor analysis in the same sample. Content and construct validity, internal consistency, and measurement invariance across gender, grade level, and perceived family income were assessed. Results: All item-level content validity ratios exceeded 0.83; the scale-level content validity index was 0.90. Removing two items yielded a 16-item, three-factor structure: First Aid Willingness, Negative Emotions, and Perceived Knowledge. The model showed acceptable fit: scaled χ²(101) = 288.09, p

Suggested Citation

  • Harun Özbey & Özlem Çalışır & Meral Bayat & Sultan Beşiktaş & Aklilu Abrham Roba, 2026. "Cross-cultural adaptation, validation, and measurement invariance of the First Aid Willingness Questionnaire (FAWQ) among Turkish adolescents," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 21(10), pages 1-17, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0361329
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0361329
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